{"id":40992,"date":"2019-09-25T16:20:40","date_gmt":"2019-09-25T15:20:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/que-es-la-expansion-adiabatica-compresion-adiabatica-definicion\/"},"modified":"2020-01-13T11:06:48","modified_gmt":"2020-01-13T10:06:48","slug":"que-es-la-expansion-adiabatica-compresion-adiabatica-definicion","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/es\/que-es-la-expansion-adiabatica-compresion-adiabatica-definicion\/","title":{"rendered":"\u00bfQu\u00e9 es la expansi\u00f3n adiab\u00e1tica? &#8211; Compresi\u00f3n adiab\u00e1tica &#8211; Definici\u00f3n"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\">\n<div class=\"su-quote-inner su-clearfix\">Expansi\u00f3n adiab\u00e1tica &#8211; Compresi\u00f3n adiab\u00e1tica.\u00a0La compresi\u00f3n y expansi\u00f3n adiab\u00e1tica son procesos muy importantes en el an\u00e1lisis t\u00e9rmico de centrales t\u00e9rmicas.\u00a0Ingenieria termal<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-50 lgc-tablet-grid-50 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2>Proceso adiab\u00e1tico<\/h2>\n<p>Un\u00a0<strong>proceso adiab\u00e1tico<\/strong>\u00a0es un\u00a0<a title=\"Procesos termodin\u00e1micos.\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/es\/que-es-el-proceso-termodinamico-definicion\/\">proceso termodin\u00e1mico<\/a>\u00a0, en el que no\u00a0<strong>hay transferencia de calor<\/strong>\u00a0dentro o fuera del sistema (Q = 0).\u00a0El sistema puede considerarse\u00a0<strong>perfectamente aislado<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0En un proceso adiab\u00e1tico, la energ\u00eda se transfiere solo como trabajo.\u00a0La suposici\u00f3n de que no hay transferencia de calor es muy importante, ya que podemos usar la aproximaci\u00f3n adiab\u00e1tica solo en\u00a0<strong>procesos muy r\u00e1pidos<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0En estos procesos r\u00e1pidos, no hay tiempo suficiente para que la transferencia de energ\u00eda como calor tenga lugar hacia o desde el sistema.<\/p>\n<p>En dispositivos reales (como turbinas, bombas y compresores) se\u00a0producen\u00a0<strong>p\u00e9rdidas de calor<\/strong>\u00a0y p\u00e9rdidas en el proceso de combusti\u00f3n, pero estas p\u00e9rdidas suelen ser bajas en comparaci\u00f3n con el flujo de energ\u00eda general y podemos aproximar algunos procesos termodin\u00e1micos por el proceso adiab\u00e1tico.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-50 lgc-tablet-grid-50 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_17354\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-17354\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Adiabatic-Process-main-characteristics1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17354 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Adiabatic-Process-main-characteristics1.png\" alt=\"Caracter\u00edsticas principales del proceso adiab\u00e1tico.\" width=\"380\" height=\"564\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Adiabatic-Process-main-characteristics1.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-17354\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Caracter\u00edsticas principales del proceso adiab\u00e1tico.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Ver tambi\u00e9n:\u00a0<a title=\"Primera ley de la termodin\u00e1mica\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/es\/que-es-la-primera-ley-de-la-termodinamica-definicion\/\">Primera ley de la termodin\u00e1mica.<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Ver tambi\u00e9n:\u00a0<a title=\"Ley del gas ideal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/ideal-gas-law\/\">Ley del gas ideal<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Ver tambi\u00e9n:\u00a0<a title=\"\u00bfQu\u00e9 es la entalp\u00eda?\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/what-is-energy-physics\/what-is-enthalpy\/\">Qu\u00e9 es la entalp\u00eda<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Expansi\u00f3n adiab\u00e1tica &#8211; Compresi\u00f3n adiab\u00e1tica<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Ver tambi\u00e9n:\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"\u00bfQu\u00e9 es el gas ideal?\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/ideal-gas-law\/what-is-ideal-gas\/\"><span>\u00bfQu\u00e9 es un gas ideal?<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>En un\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"\u00bfQu\u00e9 es el gas ideal?\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/ideal-gas-law\/what-is-ideal-gas\/\"><span>gas ideal<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, las mol\u00e9culas no tienen volumen y no interact\u00faan.\u00a0Seg\u00fan la\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Ley del gas ideal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/ideal-gas-law\/\"><span>ley de los gases ideales<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, la\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"\u00bfQu\u00e9 es la presi\u00f3n? - F\u00edsica\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-pressure-physics\/\"><span>presi\u00f3n<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0var\u00eda linealmente con la\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"\u00bfQu\u00e9 es la temperatura? F\u00edsica\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/es\/que-es-la-temperatura-fisica-definicion\/\"><span>temperatura<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0y la cantidad, e inversamente con el\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"\u00bfQu\u00e9 es el volumen? - F\u00edsica\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-volume-physics\/\"><span>volumen<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><em><span>pV = nRT<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>d\u00f3nde:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em><span>p<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0es la presi\u00f3n absoluta del gas<\/span><\/li>\n<li><em><span>n<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0es la cantidad de sustancia<\/span><\/li>\n<li><em><span>T<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0es la temperatura absoluta<\/span><\/li>\n<li><em><span>V<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0es el volumen<\/span><\/li>\n<li><em><span>R<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0\u00a0es la constante de gas ideal, o universal, igual al producto de la constante de Boltzmann y la constante de Avogadro,<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>En esta ecuaci\u00f3n, el s\u00edmbolo R es una constante llamada constante de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>gas universal<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0que tiene el mismo valor para todos los gases, es decir, R = 8.31 J \/ mol K.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>El\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>proceso adiab\u00e1tico<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00a0se puede expresar con la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>ley de los gases ideales<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0como:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><em><span>pV\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>\u03ba<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0= constante<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>o<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><strong><span>p\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>1<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0V\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>1\u00a0<\/span><\/sub><sup><span>\u03ba<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0= p\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>2<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0V\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>2\u00a0<\/span><\/sub><sup><span>\u03ba<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span>en el que\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u03ba = c\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>p<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0\/ c\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>v<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><span>\u00a0es la relaci\u00f3n de los\u00a0<a title=\"Capacidad de calor - Capacidad de calor espec\u00edfica\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/laws-of-thermodynamics\/first-law-of-thermodynamics\/heat-capacity\/\"><strong>calores espec\u00edficos<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0(o\u00a0<strong>capacidades de calor<\/strong>\u00a0) para el gas.\u00a0Uno para\u00a0<strong>presi\u00f3n constante (c\u00a0<\/strong><strong><sub>p<\/sub><\/strong><strong>\u00a0)<\/strong>\u00a0y otro para\u00a0<strong>volumen constante (c\u00a0<\/strong><strong><sub>v<\/sub><\/strong><strong>\u00a0)<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Tenga en cuenta que esta relaci\u00f3n\u00a0<strong>\u03ba\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><strong>= c\u00a0<\/strong><strong><sub>p<\/sub><\/strong><strong>\u00a0\/ c\u00a0<\/strong><strong><sub>v<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0es un factor para determinar la velocidad del sonido en un gas y otros procesos adiab\u00e1ticos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Otra relaci\u00f3n p, V, T<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/pVT-relation-isentropic-process.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-17281 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/pVT-relation-isentropic-process.png\" alt=\"Relaci\u00f3n p, V, T - proceso isentr\u00f3pico\" width=\"209\" height=\"72\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/pVT-relation-isentropic-process.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>En un\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>diagrama pV<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, el proceso ocurre a lo largo de una l\u00ednea (llamada\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>adiabat<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0) que tiene la ecuaci\u00f3n\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>p = constante \/ V\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>\u03ba<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Para un proceso ideal de gas y politr\u00f3pico, el caso\u00a0<\/span><i><span>n = \u03ba\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/strong><span><strong>corresponde a un proceso adiab\u00e1tico.<\/strong><\/span><i>\u00a0\u00a0<\/i><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Ejemplo de expansi\u00f3n adiab\u00e1tica<\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_17362\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-17362\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/P-V-diagram-adiabatic-process.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-17362 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/P-V-diagram-adiabatic-process-300x251.png\" alt=\"Diagrama PV - proceso adiab\u00e1tico\" width=\"300\" height=\"251\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/P-V-diagram-adiabatic-process-300x251.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-17362\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Suponga una expansi\u00f3n adiab\u00e1tica de helio (3 \u2192 4) en una turbina de gas (ciclo de Brayton).<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span>Suponga una\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>expansi\u00f3n adiab\u00e1tica<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de helio (\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>3 \u2192 4<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0) en una\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>turbina de gas<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Dado que el helio se comporta casi como un\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"\u00bfQu\u00e9 es el gas ideal?\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/ideal-gas-law\/what-is-ideal-gas\/\"><span>gas ideal<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, use la\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Ley del gas ideal\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/ideal-gas-law\/\"><span>ley del gas ideal<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0para calcular la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>temperatura<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de\u00a0<strong>salida<\/strong>\u00a0del gas (\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>T\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>4, real<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><span>\u00a0).\u00a0En estas turbinas, la etapa de alta presi\u00f3n recibe gas (punto 3 en la figura; p\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>3<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0=\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>6.7 MPa<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0;\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>T\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>3<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0= 1190 K<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(917 \u00b0 C)) de un intercambiador de calor y lo expulsa a otro intercambiador de calor, donde la presi\u00f3n de salida es p\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>4<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0=\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>2.78 MPa<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(punto 4)\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Soluci\u00f3n:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>La temperatura de salida del gas, T\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>4, real<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0, puede calcularse utilizando la relaci\u00f3n\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>p, V, T<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0para el proceso adiab\u00e1tico.\u00a0Tenga en cuenta que, es la misma relaci\u00f3n que para el\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Proceso isentr\u00f3pico\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/es\/que-es-el-proceso-isentropico-definicion\/\"><span>proceso isentr\u00f3pico<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, por lo tanto, los resultados deben ser id\u00e9nticos.\u00a0En este caso, calculamos la expansi\u00f3n para diferentes turbinas de gas (menos eficientes) como en el caso de la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>expansi\u00f3n isentr\u00f3pica en la turbina de gas.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/pVT-relation-isentropic-process.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-17281 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/pVT-relation-isentropic-process.png\" alt=\"Relaci\u00f3n p, V, T - proceso isentr\u00f3pico\" width=\"209\" height=\"72\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/pVT-relation-isentropic-process.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>En esta ecuaci\u00f3n, el factor para helio es igual a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u03ba\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span>= c\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>p<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0\/ c\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>v<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0= 1.66<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0De la ecuaci\u00f3n anterior se deduce que la temperatura de salida del gas,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>T\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>4, real<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><span>\u00a0, es:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/adiabatic-process-example.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-17307 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/adiabatic-process-example.png\" alt=\"proceso adiab\u00e1tico - ejemplo\" width=\"518\" height=\"80\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/adiabatic-process-example.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Ver tambi\u00e9n:\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"La relaci\u00f3n de Mayer: f\u00f3rmula de Mayer\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/ideal-gas-law\/mayers-relation-mayers-formula\/\"><strong><span>relaci\u00f3n de Mayer<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/p>\n<p>Este art\u00edculo se basa en la traducci\u00f3n autom\u00e1tica del art\u00edculo original en ingl\u00e9s. Para m\u00e1s informaci\u00f3n vea el art\u00edculo en ingl\u00e9s. Puedes ayudarnos. Si desea corregir la traducci\u00f3n, env\u00edela a: translations@nuclear-power.com o complete el formulario de traducci\u00f3n en l\u00ednea. Agradecemos su ayuda, actualizaremos la traducci\u00f3n lo antes posible. Gracias.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Expansi\u00f3n adiab\u00e1tica &#8211; Compresi\u00f3n adiab\u00e1tica.\u00a0La compresi\u00f3n y expansi\u00f3n adiab\u00e1tica son procesos muy importantes en el an\u00e1lisis t\u00e9rmico de centrales t\u00e9rmicas.\u00a0Ingenieria termal Proceso adiab\u00e1tico Un\u00a0proceso adiab\u00e1tico\u00a0es un\u00a0proceso termodin\u00e1mico\u00a0, en el que no\u00a0hay transferencia de calor\u00a0dentro o fuera del sistema (Q = 0).\u00a0El sistema puede considerarse\u00a0perfectamente aislado\u00a0.\u00a0En un proceso adiab\u00e1tico, la energ\u00eda se transfiere solo como trabajo.\u00a0La &#8230; <a title=\"\u00bfQu\u00e9 es la expansi\u00f3n adiab\u00e1tica? &#8211; Compresi\u00f3n adiab\u00e1tica &#8211; Definici\u00f3n\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/es\/que-es-la-expansion-adiabatica-compresion-adiabatica-definicion\/\" aria-label=\"M\u00e1s en \u00bfQu\u00e9 es la expansi\u00f3n adiab\u00e1tica? &#8211; Compresi\u00f3n adiab\u00e1tica &#8211; Definici\u00f3n\">Leer m\u00e1s<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[16],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u00bfQu\u00e9 es la expansi\u00f3n adiab\u00e1tica? - Compresi\u00f3n adiab\u00e1tica - Definici\u00f3n<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Expansi\u00f3n adiab\u00e1tica - Compresi\u00f3n adiab\u00e1tica. 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