{"id":42982,"date":"2019-10-07T17:47:46","date_gmt":"2019-10-07T16:47:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/quest-ce-quun-materiau-isolant-types-disolation-definition\/"},"modified":"2020-02-05T13:55:08","modified_gmt":"2020-02-05T12:55:08","slug":"quest-ce-quun-materiau-isolant-types-disolation-definition","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-quun-materiau-isolant-types-disolation-definition\/","title":{"rendered":"Qu&#8217;est-ce qu&#8217;un mat\u00e9riau isolant &#8211; Types d&#8217;isolation &#8211; D\u00e9finition"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\">\n<div class=\"su-quote-inner su-clearfix\">Les mat\u00e9riaux d&#8217;isolation courants sont la laine, la fibre de verre, la laine de roche, le polystyr\u00e8ne, le polyur\u00e9thane et la plume d&#8217;oie, etc. Les mat\u00e9riaux d&#8217;isolation sont de tr\u00e8s mauvais conducteurs thermiques.\u00a0G\u00e9nie thermique<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2>Mat\u00e9riaux d&#8217;isolation<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Thermal-Insulators-Parameters.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-21157 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Thermal-Insulators-Parameters-225x300.png\" alt=\"Isolants thermiques - Param\u00e8tres\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Thermal-Insulators-Parameters-225x300.png\" \/><\/a>Comme il a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9crit, l&#8217;\u00a0<strong>isolation thermique<\/strong>\u00a0est bas\u00e9e sur l&#8217;utilisation de substances \u00e0\u00a0<strong>tr\u00e8s basse conductivit\u00e9 thermique<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Ces mat\u00e9riaux sont appel\u00e9s\u00a0<strong>mat\u00e9riaux isolants<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Les mat\u00e9riaux d&#8217;isolation courants sont la laine, la fibre de verre, la laine de roche, le polystyr\u00e8ne, le polyur\u00e9thane et la plume d&#8217;oie, etc. Ces mat\u00e9riaux sont de tr\u00e8s mauvais conducteur de la chaleur et sont donc de bons isolants thermiques.<\/p>\n<p>Il faut ajouter que l&#8217;isolation thermique est principalement bas\u00e9e sur la tr\u00e8s faible conductivit\u00e9 thermique des gaz.\u00a0Les gaz poss\u00e8dent des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s de conduction thermique m\u00e9diocres compar\u00e9es aux liquides et aux solides et constituent donc un bon mat\u00e9riau isolant s\u2019ils peuvent \u00eatre pi\u00e9g\u00e9s (par exemple dans une\u00a0<strong>structure semblable<\/strong>\u00a0\u00e0 une\u00a0<strong>mousse<\/strong>\u00a0).\u00a0L&#8217;air et les autres gaz sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement de bons isolants.\u00a0Mais le principal avantage est l&#8217;\u00a0<strong>absence de convection<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Par cons\u00e9quent, de nombreux mat\u00e9riaux isolants (par exemple le polystyr\u00e8ne) fonctionnent simplement en ayant un grand nombre de\u00a0<strong>poches remplies<\/strong>\u00a0de\u00a0<strong>gaz<\/strong>\u00a0qui\u00a0<strong>emp\u00eachent la convection \u00e0 grande \u00e9chelle<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Dans tous les types d&#8217;isolation thermique, l&#8217;\u00e9vacuation de l&#8217;air dans l&#8217;espace vide r\u00e9duira encore la conductivit\u00e9 thermique globale de l&#8217;isolant.<\/p>\n<p>L\u2019alternance de la poche de gaz et du mat\u00e9riau solide fait que la chaleur doit \u00eatre transf\u00e9r\u00e9e \u00e0 travers de\u00a0<strong>nombreuses interfaces,<\/strong>\u00a0ce qui entra\u00eene une diminution rapide du coefficient de transfert de chaleur.<\/p>\n<p>Il convient de noter que les pertes de chaleur dues \u00e0 des objets plus chauds se produisent selon trois m\u00e9canismes (individuellement ou en combinaison):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-la-conduction-thermique-conduction-thermique-definition\/\"><strong>Conduction thermique<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-la-convection-transfert-de-chaleur-par-convection-definition\/\"><strong>Convection de chaleur<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Transfert de chaleur par rayonnement\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/radiation-heat-transfer\/thermal-radiation-radiant-heat\/\"><strong>Radiation thermique<\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Jusqu&#8217;ici, nous n&#8217;avons pas discut\u00e9\u00a0\u00a0<strong>du rayonnement thermique en<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0tant que mode de\u00a0<strong>d\u00e9perdition<\/strong>\u00a0de\u00a0\u00a0<strong>chaleur<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0<strong>Le transfert de chaleur\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0par\u00a0<strong>rayonnement<\/strong>\u00a0est m\u00e9di\u00e9 par\u00a0\u00a0<strong>le rayonnement \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tique\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0et ne n\u00e9cessite donc aucun moyen de transfert de chaleur.\u00a0En fait, le transfert d&#8217;\u00e9nergie par rayonnement est le plus rapide (\u00e0 la vitesse de la lumi\u00e8re) et il ne subit aucune att\u00e9nuation dans le vide.\u00a0Tout mat\u00e9riau dont la temp\u00e9rature est sup\u00e9rieure au\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-temperature-physics\/absolute-zero-temperature\/\">z\u00e9ro absolu\u00a0<\/a>\u00a0d\u00e9gage une certaine\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/what-is-energy-physics\/radiant-energy\/\"><strong>\u00e9nergie radiante<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0La plupart des\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/what-is-energy-physics\/\">\u00e9nergies<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0de ce type se\u00a0<strong>trouvent<\/strong>\u00a0dans la r\u00e9gion\u00a0\u00a0<strong>infrarouge<\/strong>\u00a0du spectre \u00e9lectromagn\u00e9tique bien que certains se trouvent dans la r\u00e9gion visible.\u00a0Afin de r\u00e9duire ce type de transfert de chaleur, il convient d&#8217;utiliser des mat\u00e9riaux \u00e0 faible \u00e9missivit\u00e9 (r\u00e9flectivit\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9e).\u00a0Les isolants r\u00e9fl\u00e9chissants sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement compos\u00e9s de feuilles multicouches et parall\u00e8les de r\u00e9flectivit\u00e9 \u00e9lev\u00e9e, espac\u00e9es de mani\u00e8re \u00e0 renvoyer le rayonnement thermique \u00e0 sa source.\u00a0L&#8217;\u00a0\u00a0<strong><a title=\"Emissivit\u00e9 - Emissivit\u00e9 des mat\u00e9riaux\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/radiation-heat-transfer\/emissivity-emissivity-of-materials\/\">\u00e9missivit\u00e9<\/a>\u00a0\u03b5<\/strong>\u00a0de la surface d&#8217;un mat\u00e9riau est son efficacit\u00e9 \u00e0 \u00e9mettre de l&#8217;\u00e9nergie sous forme\u00a0\u00a0<strong>de rayonnement thermique<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0et varie entre 0,0 et 1,0.\u00a0En g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, les m\u00e9taux polis ont une tr\u00e8s faible \u00e9missivit\u00e9 et sont donc largement utilis\u00e9s pour renvoyer l\u2019\u00e9nergie radiante \u00e0 sa source, comme dans le cas des\u00a0<strong>blanchets<\/strong>\u00a0de\u00a0\u00a0<strong>premiers soins<\/strong>\u00a0.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Types d&#8217;isolation &#8211; Cat\u00e9gorisation des mat\u00e9riaux d&#8217;isolation<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Pour les mat\u00e9riaux d&#8217;isolation, trois cat\u00e9gories g\u00e9n\u00e9rales peuvent \u00eatre d\u00e9finies.\u00a0Ces cat\u00e9gories sont bas\u00e9es sur la composition chimique du mat\u00e9riau de base \u00e0 partir duquel le mat\u00e9riau isolant est produit.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Insulation-Materials-Types.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-21149 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Insulation-Materials-Types-1024x653.png\" alt=\"Mat\u00e9riaux d'isolation - Types\" width=\"669\" height=\"427\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Insulation-Materials-Types-1024x653.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>En outre, il existe une br\u00e8ve description de ces types de mat\u00e9riaux d&#8217;isolation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Mat\u00e9riaux d&#8217;isolation inorganiques<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>Comme le montre la figure, les mat\u00e9riaux inorganiques peuvent \u00eatre class\u00e9s en cons\u00e9quence:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>Mat\u00e9riaux fibreux<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Laine de verre\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/heat-losses\/insulation-materials\/glass-wool\/\"><span>Laine de verre<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Laine de roche - Laine de roche\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/heat-losses\/insulation-materials\/stone-wool-rock-wool\/\"><span>Laine de roche<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span>Mat\u00e9riaux cellulaires<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span>Silicate de calcium<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Verre mousse - Verre cellulaire\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/heat-losses\/insulation-materials\/foam-glass-cellular-glass\/\"><span>Verre cellulaire<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span>Mat\u00e9riaux d&#8217;isolation organique<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>Les mat\u00e9riaux d&#8217;isolation organique trait\u00e9s dans cette section sont tous d\u00e9riv\u00e9s d&#8217;une charge p\u00e9trochimique ou renouvelable (biosourc\u00e9e).\u00a0Presque tous les mat\u00e9riaux isolants p\u00e9trochimiques sont sous forme de polym\u00e8res.\u00a0Comme le montre la figure, tous les mat\u00e9riaux d&#8217;isolation p\u00e9trochimiques sont cellulaires.\u00a0Un mat\u00e9riau est cellulaire lorsque la structure du mat\u00e9riau est constitu\u00e9e de pores ou de cellules.\u00a0D&#8217;autre part, de nombreuses plantes contiennent des fibres pour leur r\u00e9sistance, donc presque tous les mat\u00e9riaux d&#8217;isolation biosourc\u00e9s sont fibreux (\u00e0 l&#8217;exception du li\u00e8ge expans\u00e9, qui est cellulaire).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Les mat\u00e9riaux d&#8217;isolation organiques peuvent \u00eatre class\u00e9s en cons\u00e9quence:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>Mat\u00e9riaux p\u00e9trochimiques (d\u00e9riv\u00e9s du p\u00e9trole \/ charbon)<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-le-polystyrene-expanse-eps-definition\/\"><span>Polystyr\u00e8ne expans\u00e9 (EPS)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-le-polystyrene-extrude-xps-definition\/\"><span>Polystyr\u00e8ne extrud\u00e9 (XPS)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-la-mousse-de-polyurethane-definition\/\"><span>Polyur\u00e9thane (PUR)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><span>Mousse ph\u00e9nolique<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-la-mousse-de-polyisocyanurate-definition\/\"><span>Mousse de polyisocyanurate (PIR)<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span>Mat\u00e9riaux renouvelables (d&#8217;origine v\u00e9g\u00e9tale \/ animale)<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-lisolation-en-cellulose-laine-de-papier-definition\/\"><span>Cellulose<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-lisolation-en-liege-definition\/\"><span>Li\u00e8ge<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><span>Woodfibre<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Fibre de chanvre<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Laine de lin<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Laine de mouton<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-le-coton-isolant-definition\/\"><span>Isolation en coton<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span>Autres mat\u00e9riaux d&#8217;isolation<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-le-verre-mousse-verre-cellulaire-definition\/\"><span>Verre cellulaire<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-laerogel-definition\/\"><span>A\u00e9rogel<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-quun-panneau-isolant-sous-vide-definition\/\"><span>Panneaux \u00e0 vide<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Exemple d&#8217;isolation &#8211; Polystyr\u00e8ne<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>G\u00e9n\u00e9ralement, le\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>polystyr\u00e8ne<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est un polym\u00e8re aromatique synth\u00e9tique fabriqu\u00e9 \u00e0 partir du monom\u00e8re styr\u00e8ne, qui est d\u00e9riv\u00e9 du benz\u00e8ne et de l&#8217;\u00e9thyl\u00e8ne, tous deux produits p\u00e9troliers.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Le polystyr\u00e8ne<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0peut \u00eatre solide ou mouss\u00e9.\u00a0Le polystyr\u00e8ne est un thermoplastique incolore et transparent, qui est couramment utilis\u00e9 pour fabriquer des panneaux de mousse ou des panneaux de lamelles et un type d&#8217;isolant en vrac constitu\u00e9 de petites perles de polystyr\u00e8ne.\u00a0Les mousses de polystyr\u00e8ne contiennent 95 \u00e0 98% d&#8217;air.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Les mousses de polystyr\u00e8ne<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0sont de bons isolants thermiques et sont donc souvent utilis\u00e9es comme mat\u00e9riaux d&#8217;isolation des b\u00e2timents, comme dans les coffrages isolants en b\u00e9ton et les syst\u00e8mes de construction \u00e0 panneaux structurels isol\u00e9s.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Polystyr\u00e8ne expans\u00e9 (EPS)<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0et\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>extrud\u00e9 (XPS)<\/span><\/strong><span>sont tous deux fabriqu\u00e9s \u00e0 partir de polystyr\u00e8ne, mais l&#8217;EPS est compos\u00e9 de petites perles en plastique qui sont fusionn\u00e9es ensemble et XPS commence comme un mat\u00e9riau fondu qui est press\u00e9 sous une forme en feuilles.\u00a0Le XPS est le plus couramment utilis\u00e9 comme isolant en panneau de mousse.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/expanded-polystyrene-thermal-insulation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-21154 alignright lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/expanded-polystyrene-thermal-insulation-300x180.png\" alt=\"polystyr\u00e8ne expans\u00e9 - isolation thermique\" width=\"300\" height=\"180\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/expanded-polystyrene-thermal-insulation-300x180.png\" \/><\/a><strong><span>Le polystyr\u00e8ne expans\u00e9<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(EPS) est une mousse \u00e0 cellules ferm\u00e9es rigide et r\u00e9sistante.\u00a0Les applications de construction et de construction repr\u00e9sentent environ les deux tiers de la demande de polystyr\u00e8ne expans\u00e9.\u00a0Il est utilis\u00e9 pour l&#8217;isolation des murs (cavit\u00e9s), des toits et des sols en b\u00e9ton.\u00a0En raison de ses propri\u00e9t\u00e9s techniques telles que son faible poids, sa rigidit\u00e9 et sa formabilit\u00e9, le\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>polystyr\u00e8ne expans\u00e9<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0peut \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 dans une large gamme d&#8217;applications, par exemple des plateaux, des assiettes et des caisses \u00e0 poisson.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Bien que le polystyr\u00e8ne expans\u00e9 et extrud\u00e9 ait une structure \u00e0 cellules ferm\u00e9es, il est perm\u00e9able aux mol\u00e9cules d&#8217;eau et ne peut pas \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme un pare-vapeur.\u00a0Dans le polystyr\u00e8ne expans\u00e9, il existe des interstices entre les pastilles \u00e0 cellules ferm\u00e9es expans\u00e9es qui forment un r\u00e9seau ouvert de canaux entre les pastilles li\u00e9es.\u00a0Si l&#8217;eau g\u00e8le en glace, elle se dilate et peut provoquer la rupture des pastilles de polystyr\u00e8ne de la mousse.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Exemple d&#8217;isolation &#8211; Panneaux d&#8217;isolation sous vide<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/vacuum-insulation-panels-example.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-21224 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/vacuum-insulation-panels-example-300x169.png\" alt=\"panneaux d'isolation sous vide\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/vacuum-insulation-panels-example-300x169.png\" \/><\/a><span>La plupart des\u00a0mat\u00e9riaux sont limit\u00e9es par la\u00a0conductivit\u00e9 thermique de l&#8217;air (pris au\u00a0pi\u00e8ge dans les\u00a0cellules), qui est d&#8217;\u00a0environ environ\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>0,025 W \/ m \u2219 K<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Mais une diminution de la pression entra\u00eene une diminution de sa conductivit\u00e9 thermique.\u00a0Un\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>panneau d&#8217;isolation sous vide<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(VIP) r\u00e9duit ce probl\u00e8me.\u00a0Ce panneau est une forme d&#8217;isolation thermique constitu\u00e9e d&#8217;une enceinte \u00e9tanche aux gaz entourant un noyau rigide.\u00a0L&#8217;air de ce panneau est \u00e9vacu\u00e9.\u00a0Il faut noter que le vieillissement a un effet n\u00e9gatif sur les panneaux.\u00a0En effet, l&#8217;enveloppe des panneaux n&#8217;est pas totalement \u00e9tanche \u00e0 l&#8217;air et donc sa conductivit\u00e9 thermique augmente l\u00e9g\u00e8rement.\u00a0Ces panneaux peuvent \u00eatre utilis\u00e9s pour l&#8217;isolation thermique de presque tous les \u00e9l\u00e9ments de l&#8217;enveloppe du b\u00e2timent.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Exemple &#8211; Perte de chaleur \u00e0 travers un mur<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/heat-loss-through-wall-example-calculation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-21148 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/heat-loss-through-wall-example-calculation-169x300.png\" alt=\"perte de chaleur \u00e0 travers le mur - exemple - calcul\" width=\"169\" height=\"300\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/heat-loss-through-wall-example-calculation-169x300.png\" \/><\/a><span>Les\u00a0murs constituent une\u00a0source majeure de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>perte<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de\u00a0<strong>chaleur<\/strong>\u00a0dans une maison.\u00a0Calculez le taux de\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Densit\u00e9 de flux thermique - Flux thermique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/introduction-to-heat-transfer\/heat-flux-density-thermal-flux\/\"><span>flux<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0de\u00a0<a title=\"Densit\u00e9 de flux thermique - Flux thermique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/introduction-to-heat-transfer\/heat-flux-density-thermal-flux\/\">chaleur \u00e0<\/a>\u00a0travers un mur de 3 mx 10 m (A = 30 m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0).\u00a0Le mur a une \u00e9paisseur de 15 cm (L\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>1<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0) et il est fait de briques avec\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Conductivit\u00e9 thermique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-la-conductivite-thermique-definition\/\"><span>une conductivit\u00e9 thermique<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0de k\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>1<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0= 1,0 W \/ mK (mauvais isolant thermique).\u00a0Supposons que les\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Qu'est-ce que la temp\u00e9rature - Physique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-la-temperature-physique-definition\/\"><span>temp\u00e9ratures<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0int\u00e9rieure et ext\u00e9rieure\u00a0sont de 22 \u00b0 C et -8 \u00b0 C et que les\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Coefficient de transfert de chaleur par convection\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-quun-coefficient-de-transfert-de-chaleur-par-convection-definition\/\"><span>coefficients de transfert de chaleur par convection<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0sur les c\u00f4t\u00e9s int\u00e9rieur et ext\u00e9rieur sont h\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>1<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0= 10 W \/ m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0K et h\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>2<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0= 30 W \/ m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><span>K, respectivement.\u00a0A noter que ces coefficients de convection d\u00e9pendent fortement notamment des conditions ambiantes et int\u00e9rieures (vent, humidit\u00e9, etc.).<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span>Calculez le flux de chaleur (\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Pertes de chaleur\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/heat-losses\/\"><strong><span>perte de chaleur<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0) \u00e0 travers ce mur non isol\u00e9.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Supposons maintenant\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>une isolation thermique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0sur le c\u00f4t\u00e9 ext\u00e9rieur de ce mur.\u00a0Utilisez une\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>isolation en polystyr\u00e8ne expans\u00e9 de<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a010 cm d&#8217;\u00e9paisseur (L\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>2<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0) avec une conductivit\u00e9 thermique de k\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>2<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0= 0,03 W \/ mK et calculez le flux de\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Pertes de chaleur\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/heat-losses\/\"><strong><span>chaleur<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0(\u00a0<a title=\"Pertes de chaleur\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/heat-losses\/\"><strong>perte de chaleur<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0) \u00e0 travers cette paroi composite.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong><span>Solution:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>Comme cela a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9crit, de nombreux processus de transfert de chaleur impliquent des syst\u00e8mes composites et impliquent m\u00eame une combinaison de\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-la-conduction-thermique-conduction-thermique-definition\/\"><span>conduction<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0et de\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-la-convection-transfert-de-chaleur-par-convection-definition\/\"><span>convection<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Avec ces syst\u00e8mes composites, il est souvent commode de travailler avec un\u00a0<\/span><strong><a title=\"Coefficient global de transfert de chaleur - facteur U\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-le-coefficient-global-de-transfert-de-chaleur-facteur-u-definition\/\"><span>coefficient global de transfert de chaleur<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0,<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0connu comme un\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>facteur U<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Le facteur U est d\u00e9fini par une expression analogue \u00e0\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Loi de Newton sur le refroidissement\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quelle-est-la-loi-de-newton-sur-le-refroidissement-definition\/\"><strong><span>la loi de Newton du refroidissement<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/u-factor-overall-heat-transfer-coefficient.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-20390 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/u-factor-overall-heat-transfer-coefficient.png\" alt=\"facteur u - coefficient global de transfert de chaleur\" width=\"314\" height=\"136\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/u-factor-overall-heat-transfer-coefficient.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Le\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>coefficient global de transfert de chaleur<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est li\u00e9 \u00e0 la\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-la-resistance-thermique-resistivite-thermique-definition\/\"><span>r\u00e9sistance thermique totale<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0et d\u00e9pend de la g\u00e9om\u00e9trie du probl\u00e8me.<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong><span>mur nu<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span>En supposant un transfert de chaleur unidimensionnel \u00e0 travers la paroi plane et sans tenir compte du rayonnement, le\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>coefficient de transfert de chaleur global<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0peut \u00eatre calcul\u00e9 comme suit:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/overall-heat-transfer-coefficient-heat-loss-calculation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-21160 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/overall-heat-transfer-coefficient-heat-loss-calculation.png\" alt=\"coefficient global de transfert de chaleur - calcul des pertes de chaleur\" width=\"343\" height=\"200\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/overall-heat-transfer-coefficient-heat-loss-calculation.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Le\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>coefficient global de transfert de chaleur<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est alors:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>U = 1 \/ (1\/10 + 0,15 \/ 1 + 1\/30) = 3,53 W \/ m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0K<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Le flux de chaleur peut alors \u00eatre calcul\u00e9 simplement comme:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>q = 3,53 [W \/ m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0K] x 30 [K] = 105,9 W \/ m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><\/p>\n<p><span>La perte de chaleur totale \u00e0 travers ce mur sera:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>q\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>perte<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0= q.\u00a0A = 105,9 [W \/ m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0] x 30 [m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0] = 3177 W<\/span><\/p>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li><strong><span>mur composite avec isolation thermique<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span>En supposant un transfert de chaleur unidimensionnel \u00e0 travers la paroi composite plane, aucune r\u00e9sistance de contact thermique et sans tenir compte du rayonnement, le\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>coefficient de transfert de chaleur global<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0peut \u00eatre calcul\u00e9 comme suit:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/overall-heat-transfer-coefficient-thermal-insulation-calculation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-21159 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/overall-heat-transfer-coefficient-thermal-insulation-calculation.png\" alt=\"coefficient global de transfert de chaleur - calcul de l'isolation thermique\" width=\"423\" height=\"211\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/overall-heat-transfer-coefficient-thermal-insulation-calculation.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/thermal-insulation-expanded-polystyrene.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-21147 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/thermal-insulation-expanded-polystyrene-167x300.png\" alt=\"isolation thermique - polystyr\u00e8ne expans\u00e9\" width=\"167\" height=\"300\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/thermal-insulation-expanded-polystyrene-167x300.png\" \/><\/a><span>Le\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>coefficient global de transfert de chaleur<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est alors:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>U = 1 \/ (1\/10 + 0,15 \/ 1 + 0,1 \/ 0,03 + 1\/30) = 0,276 W \/ m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0K<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Le flux de chaleur peut alors \u00eatre calcul\u00e9 simplement comme:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>q = 0,276 [W \/ m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0K] x 30 [K] = 8,28 W \/ m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><\/p>\n<p><span>La perte de chaleur totale \u00e0 travers ce mur sera:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>q\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>perte<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0= q.\u00a0A = 8,28 [W \/ m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0] x 30 [m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0] = 248 W<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Comme on peut le voir, un ajout d&#8217;isolant thermique entra\u00eene une diminution importante des pertes de chaleur.\u00a0Il faut l&#8217;ajouter, un ajout de la prochaine couche d&#8217;isolant thermique ne provoque pas de telles \u00e9conomies.\u00a0Cela peut \u00eatre mieux vu de la m\u00e9thode de r\u00e9sistance thermique, qui peut \u00eatre utilis\u00e9e pour calculer le transfert de chaleur \u00e0 travers\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>les murs composites<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Le taux de transfert thermique constant entre deux surfaces est \u00e9gal \u00e0 la diff\u00e9rence de temp\u00e9rature divis\u00e9e par la\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"R\u00e9sistance thermique - R\u00e9sistivit\u00e9 thermique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-la-resistance-thermique-resistivite-thermique-definition\/\"><span>r\u00e9sistance thermique<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0totale\u00a0entre ces deux surfaces.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/thermal-resistance-equation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-20128 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/thermal-resistance-equation.png\" alt=\"r\u00e9sistance thermique - \u00e9quation\" width=\"601\" height=\"73\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/thermal-resistance-equation.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/p>\n<p>Cet article est bas\u00e9 sur la traduction automatique de l&#8217;article original en anglais. Pour plus d&#8217;informations, voir l&#8217;article en anglais. Pouvez vous nous aider Si vous souhaitez corriger la traduction, envoyez-la \u00e0 l&#8217;adresse: translations@nuclear-power.com ou remplissez le formulaire de traduction en ligne. Nous appr\u00e9cions votre aide, nous mettrons \u00e0 jour la traduction le plus rapidement possible. Merci<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Les mat\u00e9riaux d&#8217;isolation courants sont la laine, la fibre de verre, la laine de roche, le polystyr\u00e8ne, le polyur\u00e9thane et la plume d&#8217;oie, etc. Les mat\u00e9riaux d&#8217;isolation sont de tr\u00e8s mauvais conducteurs thermiques.\u00a0G\u00e9nie thermique Mat\u00e9riaux d&#8217;isolation Comme il a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9crit, l&#8217;\u00a0isolation thermique\u00a0est bas\u00e9e sur l&#8217;utilisation de substances \u00e0\u00a0tr\u00e8s basse conductivit\u00e9 thermique\u00a0.\u00a0Ces mat\u00e9riaux sont appel\u00e9s\u00a0mat\u00e9riaux &#8230; <a title=\"Qu&#8217;est-ce qu&#8217;un mat\u00e9riau isolant &#8211; Types d&#8217;isolation &#8211; D\u00e9finition\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-quun-materiau-isolant-types-disolation-definition\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Qu&#8217;est-ce qu&#8217;un mat\u00e9riau isolant &#8211; Types d&#8217;isolation &#8211; D\u00e9finition\">Lire la suite<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[8],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Qu&#039;est-ce qu&#039;un mat\u00e9riau isolant - Types d&#039;isolation - D\u00e9finition<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Les mat\u00e9riaux d&#039;isolation courants sont la laine, la fibre de verre, la laine de roche, le polystyr\u00e8ne, le polyur\u00e9thane et la plume d&#039;oie, etc. Les mat\u00e9riaux d&#039;isolation sont de tr\u00e8s mauvais conducteurs thermiques. 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G\\u00e9nie thermique\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-quun-materiau-isolant-types-disolation-definition\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/e8c544db9afedaec8574d6464f9398bb\",\"name\":\"Nick Connor\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/#personlogo\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/84c0dec310b44b65da29dc9df6925239?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Nick Connor\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42982"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=42982"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/42982\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=42982"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=42982"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=42982"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}