{"id":43931,"date":"2019-10-14T04:07:37","date_gmt":"2019-10-14T03:07:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/quest-ce-que-drag-force-drag-equation-definition\/"},"modified":"2020-02-17T10:51:07","modified_gmt":"2020-02-17T09:51:07","slug":"quest-ce-que-drag-force-drag-equation-definition","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-drag-force-drag-equation-definition\/","title":{"rendered":"Qu&#8217;est-ce que Drag Force &#8211; Drag Equation &#8211; D\u00e9finition"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\">\n<div class=\"su-quote-inner su-clearfix\">L&#8217;\u00e9quation de tra\u00een\u00e9e est une formule utilis\u00e9e pour calculer la force de tra\u00een\u00e9e subie par un objet en raison d&#8217;un mouvement dans un fluide.\u00a0Drag Force &#8211; Equation de Drag<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2>Drag Force &#8211; Equation de Drag<\/h2>\n<p>La\u00a0<strong>force de tra\u00een\u00e9e,\u00a0<\/strong><strong>F\u00a0<sub>D<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0, d\u00e9pend entre autres de la\u00a0<a title=\"Quelle est la densit\u00e9 - Physique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-density-physics\/\">densit\u00e9<\/a>\u00a0du fluide, de la vitesse en amont, de la taille, de la forme et de l\u2019orientation du corps.\u00a0Une fa\u00e7on d&#8217;exprimer cela consiste \u00e0\u00a0<strong>utiliser l&#8217;\u00e9quation de tra\u00een\u00e9e<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0L&#8217;\u00a0<strong>\u00e9quation de tra\u00een\u00e9e<\/strong>\u00a0est une formule utilis\u00e9e pour calculer la\u00a0<strong>force de tra\u00een\u00e9e<\/strong>\u00a0subie par un objet en raison d&#8217;un mouvement dans un fluide.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/drag-force-formula.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-20495 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/drag-force-formula.png\" alt=\"force de tra\u00een\u00e9e - \u00e9quation de tra\u00een\u00e9e - formule\" width=\"261\" height=\"257\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/drag-force-formula.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>La zone de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence, A, est d\u00e9finie comme la zone de projection orthographique de l&#8217;objet sur un plan perpendiculaire \u00e0 la direction du mouvement.\u00a0Pour les objets creux, la surface de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence peut \u00eatre consid\u00e9rablement plus grande que la surface transversale, mais pour les objets non creux, elle est identique \u00e0 la surface transversale.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2>Qu&#8217;est-ce que glisser dans la physique<\/h2>\n<p>Dans\u00a0<a title=\"Dynamique des fluides\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/\">la dynamique des fluides<\/a>\u00a0, la\u00a0<strong>tra\u00een\u00e9e<\/strong>\u00a0est une force oppos\u00e9e au mouvement relatif de tout objet en mouvement.\u00a0La force qu&#8217;un fluide s&#8217;\u00e9coule exerce sur un corps dans la direction de l&#8217;\u00e9coulement.\u00a0Contrairement aux autres forces de r\u00e9sistance, telles que le frottement \u00e0 sec, qui sont presque ind\u00e9pendantes de la vitesse,\u00a0<strong>les forces de tra\u00een\u00e9e<\/strong>\u00a0d\u00e9pendent de la vitesse.\u00a0<strong>La force de tra\u00een\u00e9e<\/strong>\u00a0est proportionnelle \u00e0 la vitesse pour un \u00e9coulement laminaire et \u00e0 la vitesse au carr\u00e9 pour un \u00e9coulement turbulent.\u00a0<strong>La tra\u00een\u00e9e<\/strong>\u00a0est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement caus\u00e9e par deux ph\u00e9nom\u00e8nes:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20487\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20487\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Drag-skin-friction-and-form-drag.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20487 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Drag-skin-friction-and-form-drag.png\" alt=\"Drag - friction de la peau et forme\" width=\"228\" height=\"343\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Drag-skin-friction-and-form-drag.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20487\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: wikipedia.org Licence: CC BY-SA 3.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><a title=\"Friction de la peau - Drag Friction\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/what-is-drag-air-and-fluid-resistance\/skin-friction-friction-drag\/\"><strong>Friction de la peau<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0En g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, lorsqu&#8217;un fluide s&#8217;\u00e9coule sur une<strong>\u00a0surface fixe<\/strong>\u00a0, par exemple la plaque plate, le lit d&#8217;une rivi\u00e8re ou la paroi d&#8217;un tuyau, le fluide en contact avec la surface est amen\u00e9<strong>\u00a0\u00e0 reposer<\/strong>\u00a0par la<strong>\u00a0contrainte de cisaillement<\/strong>\u00a0sur la paroi.\u00a0La r\u00e9gion dans laquelle l&#8217;\u00e9coulement s&#8217;ajuste d&#8217;une vitesse nulle au mur \u00e0 un maximum dans le flux principal de l&#8217;\u00e9coulement est appel\u00e9e<a title=\"Couche limite\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-la-couche-limite-definition\/\"><strong>\u00a0couche limite<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0Par cons\u00e9quent, un fluide en mouvement exerce des forces de cisaillement tangentielles sur la surface en raison de la<strong>\u00a0condition antid\u00e9rapante<\/strong>\u00a0caus\u00e9e par des effets visqueux.\u00a0Ce type de<strong>\u00a0force<\/strong>\u00a0de<strong>\u00a0tra\u00een\u00e9e<\/strong>\u00a0d\u00e9pend notamment de la g\u00e9om\u00e9trie, de la rugosit\u00e9 de la surface solide et du type d\u2019\u00e9coulement du fluide.<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Form Drag - Pression Drag\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/what-is-drag-air-and-fluid-resistance\/form-drag-pressure-drag\/\"><strong>Faire glisser la forme<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0<strong>La tra\u00een\u00e9e de forme,<\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9galement appel\u00e9e<strong>\u00a0tra\u00een\u00e9e<\/strong>\u00a0de<strong>\u00a0pression,<\/strong>\u00a0r\u00e9sulte de la forme et de la taille de l&#8217;objet.\u00a0Ce type de force de tra\u00een\u00e9e est une cons\u00e9quence int\u00e9ressante de l&#8217;<strong><a title=\"Th\u00e9or\u00e8me de Bernoulli\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/bernoullis-equation-bernoullis-principle\/bernoullis-theorem\/\">\u00a0effet de Bernoulli<\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0<\/strong>Selon le principe de Bernoulli, une circulation d&#8217;air plus rapide exerce moins de pression.\u00a0Cela provoque une diff\u00e9rence de pression entre les surfaces de l&#8217;objet.\u00a0La taille g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et la forme du corps sont les facteurs les plus importants de la<strong>\u00a0r\u00e9sistance de la forme<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0En g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, les corps avec une section transversale g\u00e9om\u00e9trique plus grande pr\u00e9senteront une r\u00e9sistance sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle des corps plus minces.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ces deux forces, en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, ont des composantes dans la direction de l&#8217;\u00e9coulement et la\u00a0<strong>force de tra\u00een\u00e9e<\/strong>\u00a0r\u00e9sultante\u00a0est donc due aux effets combin\u00e9s des forces de\u00a0<strong>pression<\/strong>\u00a0et de\u00a0<strong>friction de la peau<\/strong>\u00a0dans la direction de l&#8217;\u00e9coulement.<\/p>\n<p>Lorsque les coefficients de frottement et de tra\u00een\u00e9e de pression sont disponibles, le coefficient de tra\u00een\u00e9e total est d\u00e9termin\u00e9 en les ajoutant simplement:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/skin-friction-form-drag-coefficients.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-20488 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/skin-friction-form-drag-coefficients.png\" alt=\"frottement cutan\u00e9 - tra\u00een\u00e9e de forme - coefficients\" width=\"308\" height=\"54\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/skin-friction-form-drag-coefficients.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p><span>Aux\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>faibles\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Le num\u00e9ro de Reynold\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/reynolds-number\/\"><span>nombres de Reynolds<\/span><\/a><\/strong><span>\u00a0, la tra\u00een\u00e9e est principalement due \u00e0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>la tra\u00een\u00e9e de friction<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0C&#8217;est particuli\u00e8rement le cas pour les corps tr\u00e8s a\u00e9rodynamiques tels que les profils a\u00e9rodynamiques.\u00a0En revanche, \u00e0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>un nombre de Reynolds \u00e9lev\u00e9<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, la\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Perte de t\u00eate - Perte de pression\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/bernoullis-equation-bernoullis-principle\/head-loss\/\"><span>chute de pression<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0est importante, ce qui augmente la tra\u00een\u00e9e de forme.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Les composantes des forces de pression et de frottement cutan\u00e9 dans la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>direction normale<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de l&#8217;\u00e9coulement ont tendance \u00e0 d\u00e9placer le corps dans cette direction, et leur somme est appel\u00e9e\u00a0<\/span><strong><a title=\"Force de levage\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/bernoullis-equation-bernoullis-principle\/lift-force\/\"><span>portance<\/span><\/a><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>En a\u00e9ronautique,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>la portance<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est une force \u00e0 action ascendante sur une aile ou une aile d&#8217;\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>avion.\u00a0Le principe de Bernoulli<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0exige que le profil a\u00e9rodynamique soit de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>forme asym\u00e9trique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Drag Force en g\u00e9nie nucl\u00e9aire<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>L&#8217;analyse de la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>force de levage hydraulique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est l&#8217;une des analyses les plus importantes dans la conception d&#8217;un assemblage combustible et l&#8217;analyse de la compatibilit\u00e9 hydraulique des noyaux mixtes.\u00a0Les forces verticales sont induites par un \u00e9coulement ascendant \u00e0 grande vitesse \u00e0 travers le\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Noyau du r\u00e9acteur\" href=\"https:\/\/www.reactor-physics.com\/what-is-reactor-core-definition\/\"><span>c\u0153ur<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0du\u00a0<a title=\"Noyau du r\u00e9acteur\" href=\"https:\/\/www.reactor-physics.com\/what-is-reactor-core-definition\/\">r\u00e9acteur<\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0Le chemin d&#8217;\u00e9coulement du liquide de refroidissement du\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"R\u00e9cipient sous pression du r\u00e9acteur\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-reactor\/reactor-pressure-vessel\/\"><span>r\u00e9acteur \u00e0<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0travers la\u00a0<a title=\"R\u00e9cipient sous pression du r\u00e9acteur\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-reactor\/reactor-pressure-vessel\/\">cuve<\/a>\u00a0du\u00a0<a title=\"R\u00e9cipient sous pression du r\u00e9acteur\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-reactor\/reactor-pressure-vessel\/\">r\u00e9acteur<\/a>\u00a0serait:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<figure id=\"attachment_14206\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14206\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Continuity-Equation-Flow-Rate-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-14206 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Continuity-Equation-Flow-Rate-min-300x300.png\" alt=\"\u00c9quation de continuit\u00e9 - D\u00e9bits dans le r\u00e9acteur\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Continuity-Equation-Flow-Rate-min-300x300.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-14206\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Exemple de d\u00e9bits dans un r\u00e9acteur.\u00a0Il s&#8217;agit d&#8217;un exemple illustratif, les donn\u00e9es ne repr\u00e9sentent aucune conception de r\u00e9acteur.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span>Le liquide de refroidissement p\u00e9n\u00e8tre dans la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>cuve<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0du\u00a0<strong>r\u00e9acteur<\/strong>\u00a0au niveau de la buse d&#8217;entr\u00e9e et frappe contre le\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Baril de base\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-reactor\/core-barrel\/\"><span>baril de c\u0153ur<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Le baril de noyau force l&#8217;eau \u00e0 couler vers le bas dans l&#8217;espace entre la paroi de la cuve du r\u00e9acteur et le\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-reactor\/core-barrel\/\"><span>baril de noyau<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, cet espace est g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement connu sous le nom de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>tuyau de descente<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Depuis le fond de l&#8217;enceinte sous pression, le flux est invers\u00e9 \u00e0 travers le c\u0153ur afin de traverser les\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-fuel\/\"><span>assemblages combustibles<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, o\u00f9 la temp\u00e9rature du liquide de refroidissement augmente au fur et \u00e0 mesure qu&#8217;il traverse les crayons combustibles.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Enfin, le liquide de refroidissement du r\u00e9acteur plus chaud p\u00e9n\u00e8tre dans la r\u00e9gion interne sup\u00e9rieure, o\u00f9 il est achemin\u00e9 par la buse de sortie dans les jambes chaudes du circuit primaire et se dirige vers les\u00a0<\/span><strong><a title=\"G\u00e9n\u00e9rateur de vapeur\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/steam-generator\/\"><span>g\u00e9n\u00e9rateurs de vapeur<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>Les assemblages combustibles sont maintenus par l&#8217;\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>ensemble de structure de guidage sup\u00e9rieur<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, qui d\u00e9finit le haut du noyau.\u00a0Cet assemblage est en acier inoxydable et a de nombreux usages.\u00a0L&#8217;ensemble de structure de guidage sup\u00e9rieure exerce une\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>force axiale<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0sur les assemblages combustibles (\u00e0 travers des ressorts dans la buse sup\u00e9rieure), d\u00e9finissant ainsi la position exacte de l&#8217;assemblage combustible dans le noyau.\u00a0La\u00a0bride d&#8217;\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>assemblage de la structure de guidage sup\u00e9rieure<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est maintenue en place et pr\u00e9charg\u00e9e par la bride de t\u00eate de fermeture RPV.\u00a0L&#8217;ensemble de structure de guidage sup\u00e9rieure guide et prot\u00e8ge \u00e9galement\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Barres de commande\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/control-rods\/\"><span>les<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0ensembles de\u00a0<a title=\"Barres de commande\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/control-rods\/\">barres de commande<\/a>\u00a0et l&#8217;instrumentation int\u00e9gr\u00e9e.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>La force d&#8217;appui requise de l&#8217;\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>ensemble de structure de guidage sup\u00e9rieure<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0sur les assemblages combustibles doit \u00eatre calcul\u00e9e avec beaucoup de soin.\u00a0Une force d&#8217;appui insuffisante peut entra\u00eener la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>lev\u00e9e de l&#8217;assemblage combustible<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, d&#8217;autre part, une force d&#8217;appui excessive peut entra\u00eener un\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>cintrage de l&#8217;assemblage combustible<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, ce qui est \u00e9galement inacceptable.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Exemple: force de tra\u00een\u00e9e &#8211; coefficient de tra\u00een\u00e9e &#8211; faisceau de carburant<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Hydraulic-Diameter-Fuel-Channel.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-20407 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Hydraulic-Diameter-Fuel-Channel-254x300.png\" alt=\"Diam\u00e8tre hydraulique - Canal de carburant\" width=\"254\" height=\"300\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Hydraulic-Diameter-Fuel-Channel-254x300.png\" \/><\/a><span>Calculer la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>tra\u00een\u00e9e<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de\u00a0<strong>frottement<\/strong>\u00a0d&#8217;une\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>barre de combustible unique \u00e0 l&#8217;<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00a0int\u00e9rieur d&#8217;un c\u0153ur de r\u00e9acteur en fonctionnement normal (d\u00e9bit de conception).\u00a0Supposons que ce crayon de combustible fait partie d&#8217;un faisceau de combustible avec le r\u00e9seau de combustible rectangulaire et que ce faisceau de combustible ne contient pas de grilles d&#8217;espacement.\u00a0Sa hauteur est\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>h = 4 m<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0et la vitesse d&#8217;\u00e9coulement du c\u0153ur est constante et \u00e9gale \u00e0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>V\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>c\u0153ur<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0= 5 m \/ s.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>Suppose que:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>le diam\u00e8tre ext\u00e9rieur du rev\u00eatement est:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>d = 2 xr\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>Zr, 1<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0= 9,3 mm<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>le pas des goupilles de combustible est:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>p = 13 mm<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>la\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Rugosit\u00e9 relative du tuyau\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/major-head-loss-friction-loss\/relative-roughness-of-pipe\/\"><span>rugosit\u00e9 relative<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0est\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u03b5 \/ D = 5 \u00d7 10\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sup><span>-4<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>la\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-density-physics\/\"><span>densit\u00e9<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0du fluide\u00a0est:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u03c1 = 714 kg \/ m\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>la vitesse d&#8217;\u00e9coulement du c\u0153ur est constante et \u00e9gale \u00e0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>V\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>c\u0153ur<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0= 5 m \/ s<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>la\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Qu'est-ce que la temp\u00e9rature - Physique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-la-temperature-physique-definition\/\"><span>temp\u00e9rature<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0moyenne\u00a0du liquide de refroidissement du r\u00e9acteur est:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>T en\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>vrac<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0= 296 \u00b0 C<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Calcul du nombre de Reynolds<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Pour calculer le\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Le num\u00e9ro de Reynold\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/reynolds-number\/\"><span>nombre de Reynolds<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, nous devons savoir:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>le diam\u00e8tre ext\u00e9rieur du rev\u00eatement est:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>d = 2 xr\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>Zr, 1<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0= 9,3 mm<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(pour calculer le diam\u00e8tre hydraulique)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>le pas des goupilles de combustible est:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>p = 13 mm<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00a0(pour calculer le diam\u00e8tre hydraulique)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>la viscosit\u00e9 dynamique de l&#8217;eau satur\u00e9e \u00e0 300 \u00b0 C est:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u03bc = 0,0000859 Ns \/ m\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>la densit\u00e9 du fluide est:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u03c1 = 714 kg \/ m\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span>Le diam\u00e8tre hydraulique, D\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>h<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><span>\u00a0, est un terme couramment utilis\u00e9 pour g\u00e9rer le d\u00e9bit dans\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>des tubes et canaux non circulaires<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Le\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>diam\u00e8tre hydraulique du canal de carburant<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span><em><span>D\u00a0<\/span><\/em><em><sub><span>h<\/span><\/sub><\/em><span>\u00a0, est \u00e9gal \u00e0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>13,85 mm<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Voir aussi:\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/internal-flow\/hydraulic-diameter-2\/\"><span>Diam\u00e8tre hydraulique<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Le\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>nombre de Reynolds<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e0 l&#8217;int\u00e9rieur du canal de carburant est alors \u00e9gal \u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/reynolds-number-example.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-20412 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/reynolds-number-example.png\" alt=\"nombre de reynolds - exemple\" width=\"593\" height=\"78\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/reynolds-number-example.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Cela satisfait pleinement les\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-quun-ecoulement-turbulent-definition\/\"><strong><span>conditions turbulentes<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Calcul du coefficient de friction cutan\u00e9e<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong><span>Le facteur de frottement<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0pour un \u00e9coulement turbulent d\u00e9pend fortement de la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>rugosit\u00e9 relative.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span>Il est d\u00e9termin\u00e9 par l&#8217;\u00e9quation de Colebrook ou peut \u00eatre d\u00e9termin\u00e9 \u00e0 l&#8217;aide du\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Diagramme Moody\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/major-head-loss-friction-loss\/moody-diagram\/\"><strong><span>diagramme de Moody<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Le\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>graphique de Moody<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0pour\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Re = 575 600<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0et\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u03b5 \/ D = 5 x 10\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sup><span>-4<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><span>\u00a0renvoie les valeurs suivantes:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>le\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Facteur de friction Darcy\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-le-facteur-de-friction-de-darcy-definition\/\"><strong><span>facteur de friction de Darcy<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0est \u00e9gal \u00e0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>f\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>D<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0= 0,017<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>le\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Facteur de friction de ventilation\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/major-head-loss-friction-loss\/fanning-friction-factor\/\"><strong><span>facteur de friction Fanning<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0est \u00e9gal \u00e0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>f\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>F<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0= f\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>D<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0\/ 4 = 0,00425<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>Le coefficient de frottement cutan\u00e9 est donc \u00e9gal \u00e0:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/skin-friction-coefficient-example.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-20533 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/skin-friction-coefficient-example.png\" alt=\"coefficient de frottement cutan\u00e9 - exemple\" width=\"377\" height=\"186\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/skin-friction-coefficient-example.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Calcul de la force de tra\u00een\u00e9e<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Pour calculer la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>force de tra\u00een\u00e9e<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, nous devons savoir:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>le coefficient de frottement cutan\u00e9, qui est:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>C\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>D, frottement<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0= 0,00425<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>l&#8217;aire de la surface de la broche, qui est:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>A = \u03c0.dh = 0,1169 m\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>la\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-density-physics\/\"><span>densit\u00e9<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0du fluide\u00a0, qui est:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u03c1 = 714 kg \/ m\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>la vitesse d&#8217;\u00e9coulement du c\u0153ur, constante et \u00e9gale \u00e0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>V\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>c\u0153ur<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0= 5 m \/ s<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>\u00c0 partir du\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>coefficient de friction de<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0la\u00a0<strong>peau,<\/strong>\u00a0qui est \u00e9gal au\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/major-head-loss-friction-loss\/fanning-friction-factor\/\"><strong><span>facteur de friction de Fanning,<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0nous pouvons calculer la composante de friction de la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>force de tra\u00een\u00e9e.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span>La force de tra\u00een\u00e9e est donn\u00e9e par:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/drag-force-example.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-20534 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/drag-force-example.png\" alt=\"force de tra\u00een\u00e9e - exemple\" width=\"452\" height=\"72\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/drag-force-example.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>En supposant qu&#8217;un assemblage combustible puisse avoir, par exemple, 289 goupilles combustibles (assemblage combustible 17&#215;17), la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>composante frictionnelle<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>force de tra\u00een\u00e9e<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est alors de l&#8217;ordre de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>kilonewtons<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0De plus, cette force de tra\u00een\u00e9e provient uniquement du frottement de la peau sur le faisceau de combustible.\u00a0Mais l&#8217;assemblage combustible PWR typique contient d&#8217;autres composants, qui influencent l&#8217;hydraulique de l&#8217;assemblage combustible:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>Barres de combustible<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Les crayons combustibles contiennent le carburant et les poisons combustibles.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Buse sup\u00e9rieure<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Fournit le support m\u00e9canique de la structure d&#8217;assemblage combustible.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Buse inf\u00e9rieure<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Fournit le support m\u00e9canique de la structure d&#8217;assemblage combustible.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Grille d&#8217;espacement<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Assure un guidage pr\u00e9cis des crayons combustibles.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Guide tube de d\u00e9 \u00e0 coudre<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Tube vide pour barres de contr\u00f4le ou instrumentation in-core.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>Comme il a \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9crit, le deuxi\u00e8me composant de la force de tra\u00een\u00e9e est la tra\u00een\u00e9e de forme.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>La tra\u00een\u00e9e de forme,<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9galement appel\u00e9e\u00a0<strong>tra\u00een\u00e9e<\/strong>\u00a0de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>pression,<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0r\u00e9sulte de la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>forme<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0et de la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>taille<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de l&#8217;objet.\u00a0La\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>tra\u00een\u00e9e de pression<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est proportionnelle \u00e0 la diff\u00e9rence entre les pressions agissant \u00e0 l&#8217;avant et \u00e0 l&#8217;arri\u00e8re du corps immerg\u00e9 et la zone frontale.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/p>\n<p>Cet article est bas\u00e9 sur la traduction automatique de l&#8217;article original en anglais. Pour plus d&#8217;informations, voir l&#8217;article en anglais. Pouvez vous nous aider Si vous souhaitez corriger la traduction, envoyez-la \u00e0 l&#8217;adresse: translations@nuclear-power.com ou remplissez le formulaire de traduction en ligne. Nous appr\u00e9cions votre aide, nous mettrons \u00e0 jour la traduction le plus rapidement possible. Merci<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&#8217;\u00e9quation de tra\u00een\u00e9e est une formule utilis\u00e9e pour calculer la force de tra\u00een\u00e9e subie par un objet en raison d&#8217;un mouvement dans un fluide.\u00a0Drag Force &#8211; Equation de Drag Drag Force &#8211; Equation de Drag La\u00a0force de tra\u00een\u00e9e,\u00a0F\u00a0D\u00a0, d\u00e9pend entre autres de la\u00a0densit\u00e9\u00a0du fluide, de la vitesse en amont, de la taille, de la forme &#8230; <a title=\"Qu&#8217;est-ce que Drag Force &#8211; Drag Equation &#8211; D\u00e9finition\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-drag-force-drag-equation-definition\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Qu&#8217;est-ce que Drag Force &#8211; Drag Equation &#8211; D\u00e9finition\">Lire la suite<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[8],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Qu&#039;est-ce que Drag Force - Drag Equation - D\u00e9finition<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"L&#039;\u00e9quation de tra\u00een\u00e9e est une formule utilis\u00e9e pour calculer la force de tra\u00een\u00e9e subie par un objet en raison d&#039;un mouvement dans un fluide. 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