{"id":45127,"date":"2019-10-17T14:31:20","date_gmt":"2019-10-17T13:31:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/quest-ce-que-le-cycle-carnot-types-de-processus-definition\/"},"modified":"2020-02-20T20:53:02","modified_gmt":"2020-02-20T19:53:02","slug":"quest-ce-que-le-cycle-carnot-types-de-processus-definition","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-le-cycle-carnot-types-de-processus-definition\/","title":{"rendered":"Qu’est-ce que le cycle Carnot – Types de processus – D\u00e9finition"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Cycle Carnot – Types de processus. Dans un cycle Carnot, le syst\u00e8me qui ex\u00e9cute le cycle subit une s\u00e9rie de quatre processus r\u00e9versibles de mani\u00e8re interne. G\u00e9nie thermique<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
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Cycle de Carnot – Processus<\/span><\/h2>\n

\"Cycle<\/a>Dans un\u00a0<\/span>cycle de Carnot<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, le syst\u00e8me ex\u00e9cutant le cycle subit une s\u00e9rie de\u00a0<\/span>quatre processus r\u00e9versibles en interne<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0:\u00a0<\/span>deux\u00a0<\/span>processus isentropiques<\/span><\/a><\/strong>\u00a0(adiabatiques r\u00e9versibles) altern\u00e9s avec\u00a0<\/span>deux\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>processus isothermes<\/span><\/strong><\/a>\u00a0:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. compression isentropique<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0– Le gaz est comprim\u00e9 de\u00a0mani\u00e8re adiabatique de l’\u00a0\u00e9tat 1 \u00e0 l’\u00a0\u00e9tat 2, o\u00f9 la temp\u00e9rature est\u00a0<\/span>T\u00a0<\/span>H<\/span><\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Les environs agissent sur le gaz, augmentant son \u00e9nergie interne et le compressant.\u00a0En revanche, l’\u00a0<\/span>entropie<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0reste\u00a0<\/span>inchang\u00e9e<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.<\/span><\/li>\n
  2. D\u00e9tente isotherme<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0– Le syst\u00e8me est plac\u00e9 en contact avec le r\u00e9servoir \u00e0\u00a0<\/span>T\u00a0<\/span>H<\/span><\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Le gaz se dilate de mani\u00e8re isotherme tout en recevant l’\u00e9nergie Q\u00a0<\/span>H<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0du r\u00e9servoir chaud par transfert de chaleur.\u00a0La temp\u00e9rature du gaz ne change pas pendant le processus.\u00a0Le gaz fonctionne sur l’environnement.\u00a0Le changement d’entropie total est donn\u00e9 par:\u00a0<\/span>\u2206S = S\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong>1<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0– S\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong>4<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0= Q\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong>H<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\/ T\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong>H<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n
  3. d\u00e9tente isentropique<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0– le gaz se\u00a0d\u00e9tend adiabatiquement de l’\u00a0\u00e9tat 3 \u00e0 l’\u00a0\u00e9tat 4, o\u00f9 la temp\u00e9rature est\u00a0<\/span>T\u00a0<\/span>C<\/span><\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Le gaz travaille sur l’environnement et perd une quantit\u00e9 d’\u00e9nergie interne \u00e9gale au travail qui quitte le syst\u00e8me.\u00a0Encore une fois, l’entropie reste inchang\u00e9e.<\/span><\/li>\n
  4. compression isotherme<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0– Le syst\u00e8me est plac\u00e9 en contact avec le r\u00e9servoir \u00e0\u00a0<\/span>T\u00a0<\/span>C<\/span><\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Le gaz se comprime de mani\u00e8re isotherme \u00e0 son \u00e9tat initial tandis qu’il d\u00e9charge l’\u00e9nergie Q\u00a0<\/span>C<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0dans le r\u00e9servoir froid par transfert de chaleur.\u00a0Dans ce processus, l’environnement travaille sur le gaz.\u00a0Le changement d’entropie total est donn\u00e9 par:\u00a0<\/span>\u2206S = S\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong>3<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0– S\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong>2<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0= Q\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong>C<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\/ T\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong>C<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \n

    Processus isentropique<\/h2>\n

    Un\u00a0processus isentropique<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0est un\u00a0processus thermodynamique<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0, dans lequel l\u2019\u00a0entropie<\/strong><\/a>du fluide ou du gaz reste constante.\u00a0Cela signifie que le\u00a0processus isentropique<\/strong>\u00a0est un cas particulier d\u2019un\u00a0processus adiabatique<\/strong>\u00a0dans lequel il n\u2019y a pas de transfert de chaleur ou de mati\u00e8re.\u00a0Il s\u2019agit d\u2019un\u00a0processus adiabatique r\u00e9versible<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0L\u2019hypoth\u00e8se d\u2019absence de transfert de chaleur est tr\u00e8s importante, car nous ne pouvons utiliser l\u2019approximation adiabatique que dans\u00a0des processus tr\u00e8s rapides<\/strong>\u00a0.<\/p>\n

    Processus isentropique et premi\u00e8re loi<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Pour un syst\u00e8me ferm\u00e9, on peut \u00e9crire la\u00a0premi\u00e8re loi de la thermodynamique en termes d\u2019enthalpie<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0:<\/p>\n

    dH = dQ + Vdp<\/strong><\/p>\n

    ou<\/strong><\/p>\n

    dH = TdS + Vdp<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Processus isentropique (dQ = 0):<\/strong><\/p>\n

    dH = Vdp \u2192 W = H\u00a0<\/strong>2<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 H\u00a0<\/strong>1<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u2192 H\u00a0<\/strong>2<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 H\u00a0<\/strong>1<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0=\u00a0C\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>p<\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0(T\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>2<\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u2013 T\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>1<\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0(pour\u00a0le gaz parfait<\/a>\u00a0)<\/em><\/p>\n

    Processus isentropique du gaz parfait<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Le\u00a0processus isentropique<\/strong>\u00a0(un cas particulier du processus adiabatique) peut \u00eatre exprim\u00e9 avec la\u00a0loi du gaz parfait<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0comme:<\/p>\n

    pV\u00a0\u03ba<\/sup>\u00a0= constant<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    ou<\/p>\n

    p\u00a01<\/sub>\u00a0V\u00a01\u00a0<\/sub>\u03ba<\/sup>\u00a0= p\u00a02<\/sub>\u00a0V\u00a02\u00a0<\/sub>\u03ba<\/sup><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

    dans laquelle\u00a0\u03ba = c\u00a0p<\/sub>\u00a0\/ c\u00a0v<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0est le rapport des\u00a0chaleurs sp\u00e9cifiques<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0(ou\u00a0capacit\u00e9s calorifiques<\/strong>\u00a0) pour le gaz.\u00a0Un pour\u00a0une pression constante (c\u00a0<\/strong>p<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0)<\/strong>\u00a0et un pour\u00a0un volume constant (c\u00a0<\/strong>v<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0)<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Notez que ce rapport\u00a0\u03ba\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>= c\u00a0<\/strong>p<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0\/ c\u00a0<\/strong>v<\/sub><\/strong> est un facteur d\u00e9terminant la vitesse du son dans un gaz et d\u2019autres processus adiabatiques.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \"Processus<\/a><\/p>\n

    Processus isentropique – principales caract\u00e9ristiques<\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    Processus isotherme<\/span><\/h2>\n

    Un\u00a0<\/span>processus isotherme<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0est un\u00a0<\/span>processus thermodynamique<\/span><\/strong><\/a>\u00a0, dans lequel la\u00a0<\/span>temp\u00e9rature<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0du syst\u00e8me\u00a0<\/span>reste constante<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0(T = const).\u00a0Le transfert de chaleur dans ou hors du syst\u00e8me doit g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement se produire \u00e0 un rythme aussi lent afin de s’adapter en permanence \u00e0 la temp\u00e9rature du r\u00e9servoir par \u00e9change de chaleur.\u00a0Dans chacun de ces \u00e9tats, l’\u00a0<\/span>\u00e9quilibre thermique<\/span><\/strong><\/a>\u00a0est maintenu.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Processus isotherme et premi\u00e8re loi<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    La forme classique de la\u00a0<\/span>premi\u00e8re loi de la thermodynamique<\/span><\/a>\u00a0est l’\u00e9quation suivante:<\/span><\/p>\n

    dU = dQ – dW<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    Dans cette \u00e9quation, dW est \u00e9gal \u00e0\u00a0<\/span>dW = pdV<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0et est connu comme le\u00a0<\/span>travail<\/span><\/a>\u00a0aux\u00a0limites<\/a>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

    Dans le\u00a0<\/span>processus isotherme<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0et le\u00a0<\/span>gaz parfait<\/span><\/strong><\/a>\u00a0, toute la chaleur ajout\u00e9e au syst\u00e8me sera utilis\u00e9e pour effectuer les travaux:<\/span><\/p>\n

    Processus isotherme (dU = 0):<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    dU = 0 = Q – W \u2192 W = Q \u00a0\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>(pour le gaz parfait)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

    Processus isotherme du gaz parfait<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

    Le\u00a0<\/span>processus isotherme\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0peut s’exprimer avec la\u00a0<\/span>loi du gaz parfait<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0comme:<\/span><\/p>\n

    pV = constant<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

    ou<\/span><\/p>\n

    p\u00a0<\/span>1<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0V\u00a0<\/span>1<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0\u00a0= p\u00a0<\/span>2<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0V\u00a0<\/span>2<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

    Sur un diagramme pV, le processus se produit le\u00a0long d’\u00a0une ligne (appel\u00e9e isotherme) qui a l’\u00e9quation\u00a0<\/span>p = constante \/ V<\/span><\/strong> .<\/span><\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    \"Processus<\/a><\/p>\n

    Processus isotherme – principales caract\u00e9ristiques<\/span><\/p>\n

    <\/div>\n
    \n

    ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….<\/p>\n

    Cet article est bas\u00e9 sur la traduction automatique de l’article original en anglais. Pour plus d’informations, voir l’article en anglais. Pouvez vous nous aider Si vous souhaitez corriger la traduction, envoyez-la \u00e0 l’adresse: translations@nuclear-power.com ou remplissez le formulaire de traduction en ligne. Nous appr\u00e9cions votre aide, nous mettrons \u00e0 jour la traduction le plus rapidement possible. Merci<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Cycle Carnot – Types de processus. Dans un cycle Carnot, le syst\u00e8me qui ex\u00e9cute le cycle subit une s\u00e9rie de quatre processus r\u00e9versibles de mani\u00e8re interne. G\u00e9nie thermique Cycle de Carnot – Processus Dans un\u00a0cycle de Carnot\u00a0, le syst\u00e8me ex\u00e9cutant le cycle subit une s\u00e9rie de\u00a0quatre processus r\u00e9versibles en interne\u00a0:\u00a0deux\u00a0processus isentropiques\u00a0(adiabatiques r\u00e9versibles) altern\u00e9s avec\u00a0deux\u00a0processus isothermes\u00a0: … Lire la suite<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[8],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nQu'est-ce que le cycle Carnot - Types de processus - D\u00e9finition<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Cycle Carnot - Types de processus. 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