{"id":45529,"date":"2019-10-18T09:45:14","date_gmt":"2019-10-18T08:45:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/quest-ce-que-lenonce-de-la-deuxieme-loi-definition\/"},"modified":"2020-02-25T10:55:40","modified_gmt":"2020-02-25T09:55:40","slug":"quest-ce-que-lenonce-de-la-deuxieme-loi-definition","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-lenonce-de-la-deuxieme-loi-definition\/","title":{"rendered":"Qu&#8217;est-ce que l&#8217;\u00e9nonc\u00e9 de le deuxi\u00e8me principe &#8211; d\u00e9finition"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\">\n<div class=\"su-quote-inner su-clearfix\">D\u00e9clarations de le deuxi\u00e8me principe.\u00a0La deuxi\u00e8me loi de la thermodynamique peut \u00eatre exprim\u00e9e de nombreuses mani\u00e8res sp\u00e9cifiques.\u00a0Chaque d\u00e9claration exprime la m\u00eame loi.\u00a0Il y en a trois qui sont souvent rencontr\u00e9s<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2>Divers \u00e9nonc\u00e9s de le deuxi\u00e8me principe de la thermodynamique<\/h2>\n<p>La\u00a0<strong>deuxi\u00e8me loi de la thermodynamique<\/strong>\u00a0peut \u00eatre exprim\u00e9e de nombreuses mani\u00e8res sp\u00e9cifiques.\u00a0Chaque d\u00e9claration exprime la m\u00eame loi.\u00a0Ci-dessous sont \u00e9num\u00e9r\u00e9s trois qui sont souvent rencontr\u00e9s.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"D\u00e9claration de Clausius de le deuxi\u00e8me principe\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/laws-of-thermodynamics\/second-law-of-thermodynamics\/clausius-statement-of-the-second-law\/\">D\u00e9claration de Clausius<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"D\u00e9claration de Kelvin-Planck sur le deuxi\u00e8me principe\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/laws-of-thermodynamics\/second-law-of-thermodynamics\/kelvin-planck-statement-of-the-second-law\/\">D\u00e9claration de Kelvin-Planck<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"L'entropie et le deuxi\u00e8me principe de la thermodynamique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/laws-of-thermodynamics\/second-law-of-thermodynamics\/entropy-and-the-second-law-of-thermodynamics\/\">Entropie et le deuxi\u00e8me principe<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>Avant ces d\u00e9clarations, il faut rappeler le travail d&#8217;\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>un ing\u00e9nieur et physicien fran\u00e7ais,\u00a0<strong>Nicolas L\u00e9onard Sadi Carnot a fait<\/strong>\u00a0avancer l&#8217;\u00e9tude de le deuxi\u00e8me principe en formant un principe (\u00a0\u00e9galement appel\u00e9\u00a0<strong>r\u00e8gle de Carnot\u00a0<\/strong>) qui pr\u00e9cise les limites de l&#8217;efficacit\u00e9 maximale que tout moteur thermique peut obtenir .<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>D\u00e9claration de Clausius de le deuxi\u00e8me principe<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/clausius-statement-second-law.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-16898 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/clausius-statement-second-law.png\" alt=\"D\u00e9claration de Clausius de le deuxi\u00e8me principe\" width=\"223\" height=\"329\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/clausius-statement-second-law.png\" \/><\/a><span>L&#8217;une des premi\u00e8res d\u00e9clarations de le deuxi\u00e8me principe de la thermodynamique a \u00e9t\u00e9 faite par\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>R. Clausius en 1850<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Il a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 ce qui suit.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><span>\u00abIl est impossible de construire un appareil qui fonctionne sur un cycle et dont le seul effet est le transfert de chaleur d&#8217;un corps plus froid vers un corps plus chaud\u00bb.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>La chaleur ne peut pas circuler spontan\u00e9ment<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0du syst\u00e8me froid au syst\u00e8me chaud sans qu&#8217;un travail externe soit effectu\u00e9 sur le syst\u00e8me.\u00a0C&#8217;est exactement ce que les r\u00e9frig\u00e9rateurs et les pompes \u00e0 chaleur accomplissent.\u00a0Dans un r\u00e9frig\u00e9rateur, la chaleur passe du froid au chaud, mais uniquement lorsqu&#8217;ils sont forc\u00e9s par un travail ext\u00e9rieur, les r\u00e9frig\u00e9rateurs sont entra\u00een\u00e9s par des moteurs \u00e9lectriques n\u00e9cessitant un travail de leur environnement pour fonctionner.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que les d\u00e9clarations Clausius et Kelvin-Planck sont \u00e9quivalentes.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>D\u00e9claration de Kelvin-Planck sur le deuxi\u00e8me principe<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><em><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/kelvin-planck-statement-second-law.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-16899 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/kelvin-planck-statement-second-law.png\" alt=\"D\u00e9claration de Kelvin-Planck sur le deuxi\u00e8me principe\" width=\"237\" height=\"364\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/kelvin-planck-statement-second-law.png\" \/><\/a><span>\u00abIl est impossible de construire un appareil qui fonctionne sur un cycle et ne produit aucun autre effet que la production de travail et le transfert de chaleur d&#8217;un seul corps\u00bb.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span>Cette d\u00e9claration fonctionne avec le terme \u00ab\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>r\u00e9servoir thermique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00bb ou \u00ab\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>r\u00e9servoir unique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00bb.\u00a0Un r\u00e9servoir est un grand objet, dans lequel la temp\u00e9rature reste constante pendant que l&#8217;\u00e9nergie est extraite.\u00a0Un tel syst\u00e8me peut \u00eatre approch\u00e9 de plusieurs fa\u00e7ons: par l&#8217;atmosph\u00e8re terrestre, les grandes \u00e9tendues d&#8217;eau comme les lacs, les oc\u00e9ans, etc.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>La\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>d\u00e9claration Kelvin \u2013 Planck<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0n&#8217;exclut pas l&#8217;existence d&#8217;un syst\u00e8me qui d\u00e9veloppe une quantit\u00e9 nette de travail \u00e0 partir d&#8217;un transfert de chaleur extrait d&#8217;un r\u00e9servoir thermique.\u00a0Selon cette d\u00e9claration, un syst\u00e8me soumis \u00e0 un\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>cycle<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0ne peut pas d\u00e9velopper une quantit\u00e9 nette de travail positive \u00e0 partir d&#8217;un transfert de chaleur extrait d&#8217;un r\u00e9servoir thermique.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>L&#8217;entropie et le deuxi\u00e8me principe<\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_16713\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16713\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Specific-Entropy-T-s-Diagram.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-16713 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Specific-Entropy-T-s-Diagram-300x273.png\" alt=\"Diagramme Ts d'un cycle thermodynamique\" width=\"300\" height=\"273\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Specific-Entropy-T-s-Diagram-300x273.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-16713\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Diagramme Ts du cycle de Rankine<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span>Une cons\u00e9quence de la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>deuxi\u00e8me loi de la thermodynamique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est le d\u00e9veloppement de la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>propri\u00e9t\u00e9 physique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de la mati\u00e8re, connue sous le nom d&#8217;\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Qu'est-ce que l'entropie\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/what-is-energy-physics\/what-is-entropy\/\"><strong><span>entropie (S)<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Le changement de cette propri\u00e9t\u00e9 est utilis\u00e9 pour d\u00e9terminer la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>direction<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0dans laquelle un processus donn\u00e9 se d\u00e9roulera.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>L&#8217;entropie<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0quantifie l&#8217;\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u00e9nergie<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0d&#8217;une substance qui\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>n&#8217;est plus disponible pour effectuer un travail utile<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Cela se rapporte \u00e0 la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>deuxi\u00e8me loi<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0puisque le deuxi\u00e8me principe pr\u00e9dit que toute la chaleur fournie \u00e0 un cycle ne peut pas \u00eatre transform\u00e9e en une quantit\u00e9 \u00e9gale de travail, une certaine r\u00e9jection de chaleur doit avoir lieu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Voir aussi:\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Qu'est-ce que l'entropie\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/what-is-energy-physics\/what-is-entropy\/\"><span>Entropie<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Selon Clausius, l&#8217;\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>entropie a<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9finie via le\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>changement d&#8217;entropie S<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0d&#8217;un syst\u00e8me.\u00a0L&#8217;\u00e9volution de l&#8217;entropie S, lorsqu&#8217;une quantit\u00e9 de chaleur Q lui est ajout\u00e9e par un processus r\u00e9versible \u00e0 temp\u00e9rature constante, est donn\u00e9e par:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Entropy-Equation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-16710 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Entropy-Equation.png\" alt=\"Entropie - \u00c9quation\" width=\"102\" height=\"74\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Entropy-Equation.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Ici\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Q<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est l&#8217;\u00e9nergie transf\u00e9r\u00e9e sous\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"La chaleur en thermodynamique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-la-chaleur-en-physique-chaleur-definition\/\"><strong><span>forme<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0de\u00a0<a title=\"La chaleur en thermodynamique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-la-chaleur-en-physique-chaleur-definition\/\"><strong>chaleur<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0vers ou depuis le syst\u00e8me pendant le processus, et\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>T<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est la\u00a0<strong><a title=\"Qu'est-ce que la temp\u00e9rature - Physique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-la-temperature-physique-definition\/\">temp\u00e9rature<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0du syst\u00e8me en\u00a0<a title=\"\u00c9chelle Kelvin - Temp\u00e9rature absolue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-temperature-physics\/kelvin-scale-absolute-temperature\/\">kelvins<\/a>\u00a0pendant le processus.\u00a0L&#8217;unit\u00e9 SI de l&#8217;\u00a0entropie est\u00a0<strong>J \/ K<\/strong>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>La\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>deuxi\u00e8me loi de la thermodynamique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0peut \u00e9galement \u00eatre exprim\u00e9e comme\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u2206S\u22650<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0pour un cycle ferm\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Dans les mots:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><span>L&#8217;entropie de tout syst\u00e8me isol\u00e9 ne diminue jamais.\u00a0Dans un processus thermodynamique naturel, la somme des entropies des syst\u00e8mes thermodynamiques en interaction augmente.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>\u2206S\u22650<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>\u00c9tant donn\u00e9 que l&#8217;entropie en dit long sur l&#8217;utilit\u00e9 d&#8217;une quantit\u00e9 de chaleur transf\u00e9r\u00e9e dans l&#8217;ex\u00e9cution des travaux, les\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Tables \u00e0 vapeur - Propri\u00e9t\u00e9s sp\u00e9cifiques de l'eau et de la vapeur\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/steam-tables\/\"><span>tables de vapeur<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0incluent des valeurs d&#8217;\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Entropie sp\u00e9cifique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/what-is-energy-physics\/what-is-entropy\/specific-entropy\/\"><span>entropie sp\u00e9cifique<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0(s = S \/ m) dans le cadre des informations tabul\u00e9es.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/p>\n<p>Cet article est bas\u00e9 sur la traduction automatique de l&#8217;article original en anglais. Pour plus d&#8217;informations, voir l&#8217;article en anglais. Pouvez vous nous aider Si vous souhaitez corriger la traduction, envoyez-la \u00e0 l&#8217;adresse: translations@nuclear-power.com ou remplissez le formulaire de traduction en ligne. Nous appr\u00e9cions votre aide, nous mettrons \u00e0 jour la traduction le plus rapidement possible. Merci<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>D\u00e9clarations de le deuxi\u00e8me principe.\u00a0La deuxi\u00e8me loi de la thermodynamique peut \u00eatre exprim\u00e9e de nombreuses mani\u00e8res sp\u00e9cifiques.\u00a0Chaque d\u00e9claration exprime la m\u00eame loi.\u00a0Il y en a trois qui sont souvent rencontr\u00e9s Divers \u00e9nonc\u00e9s de le deuxi\u00e8me principe de la thermodynamique La\u00a0deuxi\u00e8me loi de la thermodynamique\u00a0peut \u00eatre exprim\u00e9e de nombreuses mani\u00e8res sp\u00e9cifiques.\u00a0Chaque d\u00e9claration exprime la m\u00eame loi.\u00a0Ci-dessous &#8230; <a title=\"Qu&#8217;est-ce que l&#8217;\u00e9nonc\u00e9 de le deuxi\u00e8me principe &#8211; d\u00e9finition\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-lenonce-de-la-deuxieme-loi-definition\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Qu&#8217;est-ce que l&#8217;\u00e9nonc\u00e9 de le deuxi\u00e8me principe &#8211; d\u00e9finition\">Lire la suite<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[8],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Qu&#039;est-ce que l&#039;\u00e9nonc\u00e9 de la deuxi\u00e8me loi - d\u00e9finition<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"D\u00e9clarations de la deuxi\u00e8me loi. 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La deuxi\\u00e8me loi de la thermodynamique peut \\u00eatre exprim\\u00e9e de nombreuses mani\\u00e8res sp\\u00e9cifiques. Chaque d\\u00e9claration exprime la m\\u00eame loi. Il y en a trois qui sont souvent rencontr\\u00e9s\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-lenonce-de-la-deuxieme-loi-definition\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/e8c544db9afedaec8574d6464f9398bb\",\"name\":\"Nick Connor\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/#personlogo\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/84c0dec310b44b65da29dc9df6925239?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Nick Connor\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/45529"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=45529"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/45529\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=45529"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=45529"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=45529"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}