{"id":46081,"date":"2019-10-20T19:42:34","date_gmt":"2019-10-20T18:42:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/quest-ce-que-lechelle-de-kelvin-temperature-absolue-definition\/"},"modified":"2020-02-26T13:47:56","modified_gmt":"2020-02-26T12:47:56","slug":"quest-ce-que-lechelle-de-kelvin-temperature-absolue-definition","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-lechelle-de-kelvin-temperature-absolue-definition\/","title":{"rendered":"Qu&#8217;est-ce que l&#8217;\u00e9chelle de Kelvin &#8211; Temp\u00e9rature absolue &#8211; D\u00e9finition"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\">\n<div class=\"su-quote-inner su-clearfix\">\u00c9chelle Kelvin &#8211; Temp\u00e9rature absolue.\u00a0L&#8217;\u00e9chelle de temp\u00e9rature Kelvin est l&#8217;unit\u00e9 de base de la mesure de temp\u00e9rature thermodynamique dans le syst\u00e8me de mesure international.\u00a0G\u00e9nie thermique<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2>\u00c9chelles de temp\u00e9rature<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/comparison-temperature-scales-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-16243 alignright lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/comparison-temperature-scales-min.png\" alt=\"Conversion de temp\u00e9rature - Fahrenheit - Celsius\" width=\"400\" height=\"318\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/comparison-temperature-scales-min.png\" \/><\/a>Lors de l&#8217;utilisation d&#8217;un thermom\u00e8tre, nous devons marquer une \u00e9chelle sur la paroi du tube avec des chiffres.\u00a0Nous devons d\u00e9finir une\u00a0<strong>\u00e9chelle de temp\u00e9rature<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Une\u00a0<strong><em>\u00e9chelle de temp\u00e9rature<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0est un moyen de mesurer la temp\u00e9rature par rapport \u00e0 un\u00a0<strong>point de d\u00e9part<\/strong>\u00a0(0 ou z\u00e9ro) et \u00e0 une\u00a0<strong>unit\u00e9 de mesure<\/strong>\u00a0.<\/p>\n<p>Ces chiffres sont arbitraires et, historiquement, de nombreux syst\u00e8mes diff\u00e9rents ont \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9s.\u00a0Par exemple, cela a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9 en d\u00e9finissant certaines occurrences physiques \u00e0 des temp\u00e9ratures donn\u00e9es, telles que les\u00a0<strong><a title=\"Saturation \u2013 Boiling Point\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-la-saturation-point-debullition-definition\/\">points de<\/a><\/strong><strong>\u00a0cong\u00e9lation<\/strong>\u00a0et d\u2019\u00a0<strong><a title=\"Saturation - Point d'\u00e9bullition\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-la-saturation-point-debullition-definition\/\">\u00e9bullition de l\u2019eau<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0, et en les d\u00e9finissant respectivement \u00e0 0 et 100.<\/p>\n<p>Il existe plusieurs \u00e9chelles et unit\u00e9s pour mesurer la temp\u00e9rature.\u00a0Les plus courants sont:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"\u00c9chelle Celsius - Temp\u00e9rature Celsius\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-temperature-physics\/celsius-scale-celsius-temperature\/\">Celsius (not\u00e9 \u00b0 C),<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"\u00c9chelle Fahrenheit - Temp\u00e9rature Fahrenheit\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-temperature-physics\/fahrenheit-scale-fahrenheit-temperature\/\">Fahrenheit (not\u00e9 \u00b0 F),<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"\u00c9chelle Kelvin - Temp\u00e9rature absolue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-temperature-physics\/kelvin-scale-absolute-temperature\/\">Kelvin (not\u00e9 K; surtout en science).<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2>\u00c9chelle Kelvin &#8211; Temp\u00e9rature absolue<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_16244\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16244\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Kelvin-temperature-scale-thermodynamic-scale-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-16244 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Kelvin-temperature-scale-thermodynamic-scale-min-300x275.png\" alt=\"\u00c9chelle de temp\u00e9rature Kelvin\" width=\"300\" height=\"275\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Kelvin-temperature-scale-thermodynamic-scale-min-300x275.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-16244\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">L&#8217;\u00e9chelle de temp\u00e9rature Kelvin a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9termin\u00e9e sur la base de l&#8217;\u00e9chelle Celsius, mais avec un point de d\u00e9part au z\u00e9ro absolu.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>L&#8217;\u00e9chelle de temp\u00e9rature Kelvin<\/strong>\u00a0est l&#8217;unit\u00e9 de base de la\u00a0mesure de\u00a0<strong>temp\u00e9rature thermodynamique<\/strong>\u00a0dans le syst\u00e8me de mesure international (SI).\u00a0L&#8217;\u00a0<strong>\u00e9chelle Kelvin a<\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9termin\u00e9e sur la base de l&#8217;\u00e9chelle Celsius, mais avec un point de d\u00e9part au\u00a0<strong>z\u00e9ro absolu<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Les temp\u00e9ratures de l\u2019\u00e9chelle Kelvin sont de 273 degr\u00e9s inf\u00e9rieures \u00e0 celles de l\u2019\u00e9chelle Celsius.\u00a0Le kelvin est d\u00e9fini comme la fraction 1\u2044273,16 de la temp\u00e9rature thermodynamique du point triple de l&#8217;eau.\u00a0Par accord international,\u00a0une valeur de\u00a0<strong>273,16 K (0,01 \u00b0 C; 32,02 \u00b0 F)<\/strong>\u00a0et une pression de vapeur partielle de\u00a0<strong>611,66 pascals (6,166 mbar; 0,0060366 atm)<\/strong>\u00a0ont \u00e9t\u00e9 attribu\u00e9s\u00a0au\u00a0<a title=\"Triple point d'eau\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-nuclear-engineering\/properties-of-water\/triple-point-of-water\/\"><strong>triple point d&#8217;eau<\/strong><\/a><strong>\u00a0.<\/strong>.\u00a0En d&#8217;autres termes, il est d\u00e9fini de telle sorte que le triple point de l&#8217;eau soit exactement 273,16 K.<\/p>\n<p>Notez que l&#8217;unit\u00e9 sur l&#8217;\u00e9chelle absolue est Kelvins, pas degr\u00e9s Kelvin.\u00a0Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 nomm\u00e9 en l&#8217;honneur de Lord Kelvin, qui a jou\u00e9 un r\u00f4le important dans le d\u00e9veloppement de la mesure de la temp\u00e9rature et de la thermodynamique.<\/p>\n<p><span>L&#8217;\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u00e9chelle de temp\u00e9rature absolue<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0qui correspond \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9chelle Celsius est appel\u00e9e \u00e9chelle Kelvin (K), et l&#8217;\u00e9chelle absolue qui correspond \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9chelle Fahrenheit est appel\u00e9e \u00e9chelle Rankine (R).\u00a0Les points z\u00e9ro sur les deux \u00e9chelles absolues repr\u00e9sentent le m\u00eame \u00e9tat physique.\u00a0Les relations entre les \u00e9chelles de temp\u00e9rature absolue et relative sont illustr\u00e9es dans les \u00e9quations suivantes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Kelvin &#8211; Celsius<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>K = \u00b0 C + 273,15<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>\u00b0 C = K &#8211; 273,15<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Rankine &#8211; Fahrenheit<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>R = \u00b0 F + 460<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>\u00b0 F = R &#8211; 460<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><strong><span>Z\u00e9ro absolu<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span>Une telle \u00e9chelle a pour\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>point z\u00e9ro<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0La temp\u00e9rature th\u00e9orique la plus froide est appel\u00e9e\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>z\u00e9ro absolu<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, \u00e0 laquelle le mouvement thermique des atomes et des mol\u00e9cules atteint son minimum.\u00a0Il s&#8217;agit d&#8217;un \u00e9tat dans lequel l&#8217;enthalpie et l&#8217;entropie d&#8217;un gaz parfait refroidi atteint sa valeur minimale, prise \u00e0 0.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Classiquement<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, ce serait un \u00e9tat d&#8217;\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>immobilit\u00e9<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, mais\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>l&#8217;<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0incertitude\u00a0<strong>quantique<\/strong>\u00a0dicte que les particules poss\u00e8dent toujours une\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u00e9nergie finie au point z\u00e9ro<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Le z\u00e9ro absolu<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est not\u00e9 0 K sur l&#8217;\u00e9chelle Kelvin,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u2212273,15 \u00b0 C<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0sur l&#8217;\u00e9chelle Celsius et\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u2212459,67 \u00b0 F<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0sur l&#8217;\u00e9chelle Fahrenheit.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span>Z\u00e9ro absolu et troisi\u00e8me loi de la thermodynamique<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>La troisi\u00e8me loi de la thermodynamique stipule:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><span>L&#8217;entropie d&#8217;un syst\u00e8me se rapproche d&#8217;une valeur constante lorsque la temp\u00e9rature approche du z\u00e9ro absolu.<\/span><\/em><br \/>\n<span>Sur la base de preuves empiriques, cette loi stipule que l&#8217;entropie d&#8217;une substance cristalline pure est nulle au z\u00e9ro absolu de la temp\u00e9rature, 0 K et qu&#8217;il est impossible, par quelque proc\u00e9d\u00e9 que ce soit, id\u00e9alis\u00e9, de r\u00e9duire la temp\u00e9rature d&#8217;un syst\u00e8me au z\u00e9ro absolu en un nombre fini d&#8217;\u00e9tapes.\u00a0Cela nous permet de d\u00e9finir un point z\u00e9ro pour l&#8217;\u00e9nergie thermique d&#8217;un corps.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/p>\n<p>Cet article est bas\u00e9 sur la traduction automatique de l&#8217;article original en anglais. Pour plus d&#8217;informations, voir l&#8217;article en anglais. Pouvez vous nous aider Si vous souhaitez corriger la traduction, envoyez-la \u00e0 l&#8217;adresse: translations@nuclear-power.com ou remplissez le formulaire de traduction en ligne. Nous appr\u00e9cions votre aide, nous mettrons \u00e0 jour la traduction le plus rapidement possible. Merci<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u00c9chelle Kelvin &#8211; Temp\u00e9rature absolue.\u00a0L&#8217;\u00e9chelle de temp\u00e9rature Kelvin est l&#8217;unit\u00e9 de base de la mesure de temp\u00e9rature thermodynamique dans le syst\u00e8me de mesure international.\u00a0G\u00e9nie thermique \u00c9chelles de temp\u00e9rature Lors de l&#8217;utilisation d&#8217;un thermom\u00e8tre, nous devons marquer une \u00e9chelle sur la paroi du tube avec des chiffres.\u00a0Nous devons d\u00e9finir une\u00a0\u00e9chelle de temp\u00e9rature\u00a0.\u00a0Une\u00a0\u00e9chelle de temp\u00e9rature\u00a0est un moyen &#8230; <a title=\"Qu&#8217;est-ce que l&#8217;\u00e9chelle de Kelvin &#8211; Temp\u00e9rature absolue &#8211; D\u00e9finition\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-lechelle-de-kelvin-temperature-absolue-definition\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Qu&#8217;est-ce que l&#8217;\u00e9chelle de Kelvin &#8211; Temp\u00e9rature absolue &#8211; D\u00e9finition\">Lire la suite<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[8],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Qu&#039;est-ce que l&#039;\u00e9chelle de Kelvin - Temp\u00e9rature absolue - D\u00e9finition<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u00c9chelle Kelvin - Temp\u00e9rature absolue. 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