{"id":46089,"date":"2019-10-20T20:02:07","date_gmt":"2019-10-20T19:02:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/quest-ce-que-le-zero-absolu-temperature-definition\/"},"modified":"2020-02-26T13:48:33","modified_gmt":"2020-02-26T12:48:33","slug":"quest-ce-que-le-zero-absolu-temperature-definition","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-le-zero-absolu-temperature-definition\/","title":{"rendered":"Qu&#8217;est-ce que le z\u00e9ro absolu &#8211; Temp\u00e9rature &#8211; D\u00e9finition"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\">\n<div class=\"su-quote-inner su-clearfix\">La temp\u00e9rature th\u00e9orique la plus froide est appel\u00e9e z\u00e9ro absolu.\u00a0Le z\u00e9ro absolu est not\u00e9 0 K sur l&#8217;\u00e9chelle Kelvin, \u2212273,15 \u00b0 C sur l&#8217;\u00e9chelle Celsius et \u2212459,67 F sur l&#8217;\u00e9chelle Fahrenheit.\u00a0G\u00e9nie thermique<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2>\u00c9chelles de temp\u00e9rature<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/comparison-temperature-scales-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-16243 alignright lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/comparison-temperature-scales-min.png\" alt=\"Conversion de temp\u00e9rature - Fahrenheit - Celsius\" width=\"400\" height=\"318\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/comparison-temperature-scales-min.png\" \/><\/a>Lors de l&#8217;utilisation d&#8217;un thermom\u00e8tre, nous devons marquer une \u00e9chelle sur la paroi du tube avec des chiffres.\u00a0Nous devons d\u00e9finir une\u00a0<strong>\u00e9chelle de temp\u00e9rature<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Une\u00a0<a title=\"\u00c9chelles de temp\u00e9rature\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-temperature-physics\/temperature-scales\/\"><strong><em>\u00e9chelle de temp\u00e9rature<\/em><\/strong><\/a>\u00a0est un moyen de mesurer la temp\u00e9rature par rapport \u00e0 un\u00a0<strong>point de d\u00e9part<\/strong>\u00a0(0 ou z\u00e9ro) et \u00e0 une\u00a0<strong>unit\u00e9 de mesure<\/strong>\u00a0.<\/p>\n<p>Ces chiffres sont arbitraires et, historiquement, de nombreux syst\u00e8mes diff\u00e9rents ont \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9s.\u00a0Par exemple, cela a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9 en d\u00e9finissant certaines occurrences physiques \u00e0 des temp\u00e9ratures donn\u00e9es, telles que les\u00a0<strong><a title=\"Saturation \u2013 Boiling Point\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-la-saturation-point-debullition-definition\/\">points de<\/a><\/strong><strong>\u00a0cong\u00e9lation<\/strong>\u00a0et d\u2019\u00a0<strong><a title=\"Saturation - Point d'\u00e9bullition\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-la-saturation-point-debullition-definition\/\">\u00e9bullition de l\u2019eau<\/a>\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0, et en les d\u00e9finissant respectivement \u00e0 0 et 100.<\/p>\n<p>Il existe plusieurs \u00e9chelles et unit\u00e9s pour mesurer la temp\u00e9rature.\u00a0Les plus courants sont:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"\u00c9chelle Celsius - Temp\u00e9rature Celsius\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-temperature-physics\/celsius-scale-celsius-temperature\/\">Celsius (not\u00e9 \u00b0 C),<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"\u00c9chelle Fahrenheit - Temp\u00e9rature Fahrenheit\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-temperature-physics\/fahrenheit-scale-fahrenheit-temperature\/\">Fahrenheit (not\u00e9 \u00b0 F),<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"\u00c9chelle Kelvin - Temp\u00e9rature absolue\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-temperature-physics\/kelvin-scale-absolute-temperature\/\">Kelvin (not\u00e9 K; surtout en science).<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2>Z\u00e9ro absolu<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_16244\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16244\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Kelvin-temperature-scale-thermodynamic-scale-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-16244 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Kelvin-temperature-scale-thermodynamic-scale-min-300x275.png\" alt=\"\u00c9chelle de temp\u00e9rature Kelvin\" width=\"300\" height=\"275\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Kelvin-temperature-scale-thermodynamic-scale-min-300x275.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-16244\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">L&#8217;\u00e9chelle de temp\u00e9rature Kelvin a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9termin\u00e9e sur la base de l&#8217;\u00e9chelle Celsius, mais avec un point de d\u00e9part au z\u00e9ro absolu.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>L&#8217;\u00a0<strong>\u00e9chelle de temp\u00e9rature absolue<\/strong>\u00a0qui correspond \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9chelle Celsius est appel\u00e9e l&#8217;\u00e9chelle Kelvin (K), et l&#8217;\u00e9chelle absolue qui correspond \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9chelle Fahrenheit est appel\u00e9e l&#8217;\u00e9chelle Rankine (R).\u00a0Les points z\u00e9ro sur les deux \u00e9chelles absolues repr\u00e9sentent le m\u00eame \u00e9tat physique.\u00a0Les relations entre les \u00e9chelles de temp\u00e9rature absolue et relative sont illustr\u00e9es dans les \u00e9quations suivantes.<\/p>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p><strong><span>Kelvin &#8211; Celsius<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>K = \u00b0 C + 273,15<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>\u00b0 C = K &#8211; 273,15<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Rankine &#8211; Fahrenheit<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>R = \u00b0 F + 460<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>\u00b0 F = R &#8211; 460<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<h2><strong><span>Z\u00e9ro absolu<\/span><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span>Une telle \u00e9chelle a pour\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>point z\u00e9ro<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0La temp\u00e9rature th\u00e9orique la plus froide est appel\u00e9e\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>z\u00e9ro absolu<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, \u00e0 laquelle le mouvement thermique des atomes et des mol\u00e9cules atteint son minimum.\u00a0Il s&#8217;agit d&#8217;un \u00e9tat dans lequel l&#8217;enthalpie et l&#8217;entropie d&#8217;un gaz parfait refroidi atteint sa valeur minimale, prise \u00e0 0.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Classiquement<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, ce serait un \u00e9tat d&#8217;\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>immobilit\u00e9<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, mais\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>l&#8217;<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0incertitude\u00a0<strong>quantique<\/strong>\u00a0dicte que les particules poss\u00e8dent toujours une\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u00e9nergie finie au point z\u00e9ro<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Le z\u00e9ro absolu<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est not\u00e9 0 K sur l&#8217;\u00e9chelle Kelvin,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u2212273,15 \u00b0 C<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0sur l&#8217;\u00e9chelle Celsius et\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u2212459,67 \u00b0 F<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0sur l&#8217;\u00e9chelle Fahrenheit.<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><span>Z\u00e9ro absolu et troisi\u00e8me loi de la thermodynamique<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>La troisi\u00e8me loi de la thermodynamique stipule:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><span>L&#8217;entropie d&#8217;un syst\u00e8me se rapproche d&#8217;une valeur constante lorsque la temp\u00e9rature approche du z\u00e9ro absolu.<\/span><\/em><br \/>\n<span>Sur la base de preuves empiriques, cette loi stipule que l&#8217;entropie d&#8217;une substance cristalline pure est nulle au z\u00e9ro absolu de la temp\u00e9rature, 0 K et qu&#8217;il est impossible, par quelque proc\u00e9d\u00e9 que ce soit, id\u00e9alis\u00e9, de r\u00e9duire la temp\u00e9rature d&#8217;un syst\u00e8me au z\u00e9ro absolu en un nombre fini d&#8217;\u00e9tapes.\u00a0Cela nous permet de d\u00e9finir un point z\u00e9ro pour l&#8217;\u00e9nergie thermique d&#8217;un corps.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Temp\u00e9rature artificielle la plus basse<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Selon\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/www.guinnessworldrecords.com\/world-records\/lowest-manmade-temperature\/\"><span>Guiness World Records,<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0\u00a0la temp\u00e9rature artificielle la plus basse atteinte \u00e0 ce jour est de 450 picokelvins au-dessus du z\u00e9ro absolu (seulement un demi-milliardi\u00e8me de degr\u00e9 au-dessus du z\u00e9ro absolu).\u00a0Il a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9 par une \u00e9quipe de scientifiques du Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/p>\n<p>Cet article est bas\u00e9 sur la traduction automatique de l&#8217;article original en anglais. Pour plus d&#8217;informations, voir l&#8217;article en anglais. Pouvez vous nous aider Si vous souhaitez corriger la traduction, envoyez-la \u00e0 l&#8217;adresse: translations@nuclear-power.com ou remplissez le formulaire de traduction en ligne. Nous appr\u00e9cions votre aide, nous mettrons \u00e0 jour la traduction le plus rapidement possible. Merci<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>La temp\u00e9rature th\u00e9orique la plus froide est appel\u00e9e z\u00e9ro absolu.\u00a0Le z\u00e9ro absolu est not\u00e9 0 K sur l&#8217;\u00e9chelle Kelvin, \u2212273,15 \u00b0 C sur l&#8217;\u00e9chelle Celsius et \u2212459,67 F sur l&#8217;\u00e9chelle Fahrenheit.\u00a0G\u00e9nie thermique \u00c9chelles de temp\u00e9rature Lors de l&#8217;utilisation d&#8217;un thermom\u00e8tre, nous devons marquer une \u00e9chelle sur la paroi du tube avec des chiffres.\u00a0Nous devons d\u00e9finir &#8230; <a title=\"Qu&#8217;est-ce que le z\u00e9ro absolu &#8211; Temp\u00e9rature &#8211; D\u00e9finition\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-le-zero-absolu-temperature-definition\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Qu&#8217;est-ce que le z\u00e9ro absolu &#8211; Temp\u00e9rature &#8211; D\u00e9finition\">Lire la suite<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[8],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Qu&#039;est-ce que le z\u00e9ro absolu - Temp\u00e9rature - D\u00e9finition<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"La temp\u00e9rature th\u00e9orique la plus froide est appel\u00e9e z\u00e9ro absolu. 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