{"id":52609,"date":"2020-02-20T20:43:33","date_gmt":"2020-02-20T19:43:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/quest-ce-que-carnot-cycle-moteur-thermique-carnot-definition\/"},"modified":"2020-02-20T20:44:56","modified_gmt":"2020-02-20T19:44:56","slug":"quest-ce-que-carnot-cycle-moteur-thermique-carnot-definition","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-carnot-cycle-moteur-thermique-carnot-definition\/","title":{"rendered":"Qu&#8217;est-ce que Carnot Cycle &#8211; Moteur thermique Carnot &#8211; D\u00e9finition"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\">\n<div class=\"su-quote-inner su-clearfix\">Un syst\u00e8me en cycle Carnot est appel\u00e9 moteur thermique Carnot.\u00a0Le cycle Carnot est un cycle th\u00e9orique avec la plus grande efficacit\u00e9 possible de tous les cycles thermodynamiques.\u00a0G\u00e9nie thermique<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2>Cycle Carnot &#8211; Moteur thermique Carnot<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_17528\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-17528\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Carnot-cycle-pV-Diagram-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-17528 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Carnot-cycle-pV-Diagram-min-300x211.png\" alt=\"diagramme pV du cycle de Carnot\" width=\"300\" height=\"211\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Carnot-cycle-pV-Diagram-min-300x211.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-17528\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diagramme pV du cycle de Carnot.\u00a0La zone d\u00e9limit\u00e9e par la piste cyclable compl\u00e8te repr\u00e9sente le travail total pouvant \u00eatre effectu\u00e9 au cours d&#8217;un cycle.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>La\u00a0<a title=\"Deuxi\u00e8me loi de la thermodynamique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-la-deuxieme-loi-de-la-thermodynamique-definition\/\"><strong>deuxi\u00e8me loi de la thermodynamique<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0impose des contraintes sur la direction du transfert de chaleur et fixe une\u00a0<strong>limite sup\u00e9rieure au\u00a0<a title=\"Efficacit\u00e9 thermique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-lefficacite-thermique-definition\/\">rendement<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0de conversion de la chaleur pour fonctionner dans\u00a0<a title=\"Moteurs de chaleur\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-quun-moteur-thermique-definition\/\"><strong>les moteurs thermiques<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0La seconde loi est donc directement pertinente pour de nombreux probl\u00e8mes pratiques importants.<\/p>\n<p>En 1824,\u00a0<strong>Nicolas L\u00e9onard Sadi Carnot<\/strong>\u00a0, ing\u00e9nieur et physicien fran\u00e7ais, a\u00a0approfondi l&#8217;\u00e9tude de le deuxi\u00e8me principe en formant un principe (\u00e9galement appel\u00e9\u00a0<a title=\"Principe de Carnot - La r\u00e8gle de Carnot\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/laws-of-thermodynamics\/second-law-of-thermodynamics\/carnots-principle-carnots-rule\/\"><strong>r\u00e8gle de Carnot<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0) qui d\u00e9finit les limites d&#8217;\u00a0<strong>efficacit\u00e9 maximum qu&#8217;un moteur thermique<\/strong>\u00a0peut obtenir.\u00a0En bref, ce principe stipule que l&#8217;\u00a0<strong>efficacit\u00e9 d&#8217;un cycle thermodynamique<\/strong>\u00a0d\u00e9pend uniquement de la diff\u00e9rence entre les r\u00e9servoirs de temp\u00e9rature chaud et froid.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Le principe de Carnot est le suivant:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Aucun moteur ne peut \u00eatre plus efficace qu&#8217;un moteur r\u00e9versible (\u00a0<strong>un moteur thermique Carnot<\/strong>\u00a0) fonctionnant entre les m\u00eames r\u00e9servoirs \u00e0 haute et \u00e0 basse temp\u00e9rature.<\/li>\n<li>Les rendements de tous les moteurs r\u00e9versibles (moteurs\u00a0<strong>thermiques Carnot<\/strong>\u00a0) fonctionnant entre les m\u00eames r\u00e9servoirs \u00e0 temp\u00e9rature constante sont les m\u00eames, quel que soit le principe actif utilis\u00e9 ou les d\u00e9tails du fonctionnement.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Le cycle de ce moteur s&#8217;appelle le\u00a0<strong>cycle Carnot<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Un syst\u00e8me en\u00a0<strong>cycle Carnot<\/strong>\u00a0est appel\u00e9\u00a0<strong>moteur thermique Carnot<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Ce n&#8217;est pas un cycle thermodynamique r\u00e9el, mais un construit th\u00e9orique et ne peut pas \u00eatre construit dans la pratique.\u00a0Tous les processus thermodynamiques r\u00e9els sont en quelque sorte\u00a0<a title=\"Irr\u00e9versibilit\u00e9 des processus naturels\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/what-is-energy-physics\/what-is-entropy\/irreversibility-of-natural-processes\/\"><strong>irr\u00e9versibles<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0Ils ne se font pas \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00a0<strong>infini lentement<\/strong>\u00a0et l&#8217;\u00a0<strong>infiniment petit pas<\/strong>\u00a0en temp\u00e9rature est aussi une fiction th\u00e9orique.\u00a0Par cons\u00e9quent, les moteurs thermiques doivent avoir des rendements inf\u00e9rieurs aux limites fix\u00e9es en raison de l\u2019irr\u00e9versibilit\u00e9 inh\u00e9rente du cycle de moteur thermique qu\u2019ils utilisent.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Cycle de Carnot &#8211; Processus<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Carnot-cycle-Processes-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright  wp-image-17529 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Carnot-cycle-Processes-min.png\" alt=\"Cycle de Carnot - Processus\" width=\"370\" height=\"544\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Carnot-cycle-Processes-min.png\" \/><\/a><span>Dans un\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>cycle de Carnot<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, le syst\u00e8me ex\u00e9cutant le cycle subit une s\u00e9rie de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>quatre processus r\u00e9versibles en interne<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>deux\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Processus isentropique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quel-est-le-processus-isentropique-definition\/\"><span>processus isentropiques<\/span><\/a><\/strong><span>\u00a0(adiabatiques r\u00e9versibles) altern\u00e9s avec\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>deux\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><a title=\"Processus isotherme\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quel-est-le-processus-isothermique-definition\/\"><strong><span>processus isothermes<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong><span>compression isentropique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; Le gaz est comprim\u00e9 de\u00a0mani\u00e8re adiabatique de l&#8217;\u00a0\u00e9tat 1 \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00a0\u00e9tat 2, o\u00f9 la temp\u00e9rature est\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>T\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>H<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Les environs agissent sur le gaz, augmentant son \u00e9nergie interne et le compressant.\u00a0En revanche, l&#8217;\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>entropie<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0reste\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>inchang\u00e9e<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>D\u00e9tente isotherme<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; Le syst\u00e8me est plac\u00e9 en contact avec le r\u00e9servoir \u00e0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>T\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>H<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Le gaz se dilate de mani\u00e8re isotherme tout en recevant l&#8217;\u00e9nergie Q\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>H<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0du r\u00e9servoir chaud par transfert de chaleur.\u00a0La temp\u00e9rature du gaz ne change pas pendant le processus.\u00a0Le gaz fonctionne sur l&#8217;environnement.\u00a0Le changement d&#8217;entropie total est donn\u00e9 par:\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>\u2206S = S\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong><strong><em><sub><span>1<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong><strong><em><span>\u00a0&#8211; S\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong><strong><em><sub><span>4<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong><strong><em><span>\u00a0= Q\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong><strong><em><sub><span>H<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong><strong><em><span>\u00a0\/ T\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong><strong><em><sub><span>H<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>d\u00e9tente isentropique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; le gaz se\u00a0d\u00e9tend adiabatiquement de l&#8217;\u00a0\u00e9tat 3 \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00a0\u00e9tat 4, o\u00f9 la temp\u00e9rature est\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>T\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>C<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Le gaz travaille sur l&#8217;environnement et perd une quantit\u00e9 d&#8217;\u00e9nergie interne \u00e9gale au travail qui quitte le syst\u00e8me.\u00a0Encore une fois, l&#8217;entropie reste inchang\u00e9e.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>compression isotherme<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; Le syst\u00e8me est plac\u00e9 en contact avec le r\u00e9servoir \u00e0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>T\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>C<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Le gaz se comprime de mani\u00e8re isotherme \u00e0 son \u00e9tat initial tandis qu&#8217;il d\u00e9charge l&#8217;\u00e9nergie Q\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>C<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0dans le r\u00e9servoir froid par transfert de chaleur.\u00a0Dans ce processus, l&#8217;environnement travaille sur le gaz.\u00a0Le changement d&#8217;entropie total est donn\u00e9 par:\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>\u2206S = S\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong><strong><em><sub><span>3<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong><strong><em><span>\u00a0&#8211; S\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong><strong><em><sub><span>2<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong><strong><em><span>\u00a0= Q\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong><strong><em><sub><span>C<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong><strong><em><span>\u00a0\/ T\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong><strong><em><sub><span>C<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-50 lgc-tablet-grid-50 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Processus isentropique<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Un\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Processus isentropique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quel-est-le-processus-isentropique-definition\/\"><strong><span>processus isentropique<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0est un\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Processus thermodynamiques\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-quun-processus-thermodynamique-definition\/\"><strong><span>processus thermodynamique<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0, dans lequel l&#8217;\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Qu'est-ce que l'entropie\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/what-is-energy-physics\/what-is-entropy\/\"><strong><span>entropie<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<\/a><span>du fluide ou du gaz reste constante.\u00a0Cela signifie que le\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>processus isentropique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est un cas particulier d&#8217;un\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>processus adiabatique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0dans lequel il n&#8217;y a pas de transfert de chaleur ou de mati\u00e8re.\u00a0Il s&#8217;agit d&#8217;un\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>processus adiabatique r\u00e9versible<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0L&#8217;hypoth\u00e8se d&#8217;absence de transfert de chaleur est tr\u00e8s importante, car nous ne pouvons utiliser l&#8217;approximation adiabatique que dans\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>des processus tr\u00e8s rapides<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Processus isentropique et premi\u00e8re loi<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>Pour un syst\u00e8me ferm\u00e9, on peut \u00e9crire la\u00a0<\/span><strong><a title=\"Premi\u00e8re loi en termes d'enthalpie dH = dQ + Vdp\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/laws-of-thermodynamics\/first-law-of-thermodynamics\/first-law-in-terms-of-enthalpy-dh-dq-vdp\/\"><span>premi\u00e8re loi de la thermodynamique en termes d&#8217;enthalpie<\/span><\/a><\/strong><span>\u00a0:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>dH = dQ + Vdp<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>ou<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>dH = TdS + Vdp<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Processus isentropique (dQ = 0):<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>dH = Vdp \u2192 W = H\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>2<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; H\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>1<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u2192 H\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>2<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; H\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>1<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0=\u00a0<\/span><em><span>C\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong><strong><em><sub><span>p<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong><strong><em><span>\u00a0(T\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong><strong><em><sub><span>2<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong><strong><em><span>\u00a0&#8211; T\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong><strong><em><sub><span>1<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong><strong><em><span>\u00a0) \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong><em><span>\u00a0(pour\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Qu'est-ce que le gaz parfait\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/ideal-gas-law\/what-is-ideal-gas\/\"><span>le gaz parfait<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Processus isentropique du gaz parfait<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>Le\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>processus isentropique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(un cas particulier du processus adiabatique) peut \u00eatre exprim\u00e9 avec la\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Loi du gaz parfait\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/ideal-gas-law\/\"><strong><span>loi du gaz parfait<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0comme:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><em><span>pV\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>\u03ba<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0= constant<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>ou<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><strong><span>p\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>1<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0V\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>1\u00a0<\/span><\/sub><sup><span>\u03ba<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0= p\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>2<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0V\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>2\u00a0<\/span><\/sub><sup><span>\u03ba<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span>dans laquelle\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u03ba = c\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>p<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0\/ c\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>v<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><span>\u00a0est le rapport des\u00a0<a title=\"Capacit\u00e9 calorifique - Capacit\u00e9 calorifique sp\u00e9cifique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/laws-of-thermodynamics\/first-law-of-thermodynamics\/heat-capacity\/\"><strong>chaleurs sp\u00e9cifiques<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0(ou\u00a0<strong>capacit\u00e9s calorifiques<\/strong>\u00a0) pour le gaz.\u00a0Un pour\u00a0<strong>une pression constante (c\u00a0<\/strong><strong><sub>p<\/sub><\/strong><strong>\u00a0)<\/strong>\u00a0et un pour\u00a0<strong>un volume constant (c\u00a0<\/strong><strong><sub>v<\/sub><\/strong><strong>\u00a0)<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Notez que ce rapport\u00a0<strong>\u03ba\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><strong>= c\u00a0<\/strong><strong><sub>p<\/sub><\/strong><strong>\u00a0\/ c\u00a0<\/strong><strong><sub>v<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0est un facteur d\u00e9terminant la vitesse du son dans un gaz et d&#8217;autres processus adiabatiques.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-50 lgc-tablet-grid-50 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Processus isotherme<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Un\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>processus isotherme<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est un\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Processus thermodynamiques\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-quun-processus-thermodynamique-definition\/\"><strong><span>processus thermodynamique<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0, dans lequel la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>temp\u00e9rature<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0du syst\u00e8me\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>reste constante<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(T = const).\u00a0Le transfert de chaleur dans ou hors du syst\u00e8me doit g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement se produire \u00e0 un rythme aussi lent afin de s&#8217;adapter en permanence \u00e0 la temp\u00e9rature du r\u00e9servoir par \u00e9change de chaleur.\u00a0Dans chacun de ces \u00e9tats, l&#8217;\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"\u00c9quilibre thermique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-temperature-physics\/thermal-equilibrium\/\"><strong><span>\u00e9quilibre thermique<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0est maintenu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Processus isotherme et premi\u00e8re loi<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>La forme classique de la\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Premi\u00e8re loi de la thermodynamique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quelle-est-la-premiere-loi-de-la-thermodynamique-definition\/\"><span>premi\u00e8re loi de la thermodynamique<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0est l&#8217;\u00e9quation suivante:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>dU = dQ &#8211; dW<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>Dans cette \u00e9quation, dW est \u00e9gal \u00e0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>dW = pdV<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0et est connu comme le\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Travaux p\u0394V - Travaux aux limites et travaux V\u0394p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/laws-of-thermodynamics\/first-law-of-thermodynamics\/p%ce%b4v-work-boundary-work-and-v%ce%b4p-work\/\"><span>travail<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0aux\u00a0<a title=\"Travaux p\u0394V - Travaux aux limites et travaux V\u0394p\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/laws-of-thermodynamics\/first-law-of-thermodynamics\/p%ce%b4v-work-boundary-work-and-v%ce%b4p-work\/\">limites<\/a>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Dans le\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>processus isotherme<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0et le\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Loi du gaz parfait\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/ideal-gas-law\/\"><strong><span>gaz parfait<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0, toute la chaleur ajout\u00e9e au syst\u00e8me sera utilis\u00e9e pour effectuer les travaux:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Processus isotherme (dU = 0):<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>dU = 0 = Q &#8211; W \u2192 W = Q \u00a0\u00a0<\/span><em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><em><span>(pour le gaz parfait)<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Processus isotherme du gaz parfait<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>Le\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>processus isotherme\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0peut s&#8217;exprimer avec la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>loi du gaz parfait<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0comme:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><em><span>pV = constant<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>ou<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><strong><span>p\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>1<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0V\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>1<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0\u00a0= p\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>2<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0V\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>2<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span>Sur un diagramme pV, le processus se produit le\u00a0long d&#8217;\u00a0une ligne (appel\u00e9e isotherme) qui a l&#8217;\u00e9quation\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>p = constante \/ V<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Voir aussi:\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Loi de Boyle-Mariotte\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-la-loi-boyle-mariotte-definition\/\"><span>loi de Boyle-Mariotte<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-50 lgc-tablet-grid-50 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_17280\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-17280\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Isentropic-Process-characteristics.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17280 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Isentropic-Process-characteristics.png\" alt=\"Processus isentropique - caract\u00e9ristiques\" width=\"386\" height=\"609\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Isentropic-Process-characteristics.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-17280\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Processus isentropique &#8211; principales caract\u00e9ristiques<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-50 lgc-tablet-grid-50 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_17407\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-17407\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/isothermal-process-main-characteristics.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17407 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/isothermal-process-main-characteristics.png\" alt=\"Processus isotherme - principales caract\u00e9ristiques\" width=\"382\" height=\"714\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/isothermal-process-main-characteristics.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-17407\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Processus isotherme &#8211; principales caract\u00e9ristiques<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Cycle de Carnot &#8211; diagramme pV, Ts<\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_17527\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-17527\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Carnot-cycle-Ts-Diagram-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-17527 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Carnot-cycle-Ts-Diagram-min-300x232.png\" alt=\"Diagramme Ts du cycle de Carnot\" width=\"300\" height=\"232\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Carnot-cycle-Ts-Diagram-min-300x232.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-17527\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Diagramme Ts du cycle de Carnot.\u00a0La zone sous la courbe Ts d&#8217;un processus est la chaleur transf\u00e9r\u00e9e au syst\u00e8me pendant ce processus.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span>Le cycle de Carnot est souvent trac\u00e9 sur un\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>diagramme pression-volume<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(\u00a0<strong>diagramme\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><strong><span>pV<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0) et sur un\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>diagramme temp\u00e9rature-entropie<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>diagramme Ts<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Lorsqu&#8217;ils sont trac\u00e9s sur un\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>diagramme pression-volume<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, les processus isothermes suivent les lignes isothermes pour le gaz, les processus adiabatiques se d\u00e9placent entre les isothermes et la zone d\u00e9limit\u00e9e par la piste cyclable compl\u00e8te repr\u00e9sente le travail total qui peut \u00eatre effectu\u00e9 pendant un cycle.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Le\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>diagramme temp\u00e9rature-entropie<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(\u00a0<strong>diagramme<\/strong>\u00a0Ts) dans lequel l&#8217;\u00e9tat thermodynamique est sp\u00e9cifi\u00e9 par un point sur un graphique avec une ou\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Entropie sp\u00e9cifique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/what-is-energy-physics\/what-is-entropy\/specific-entropy\/\"><span>des entropies sp\u00e9cifiques<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0comme axe horizontal et une temp\u00e9rature absolue (T) comme axe vertical, est le meilleur diagramme pour d\u00e9crire le comportement d&#8217;un\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>cycle de Carnot<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>C&#8217;est un outil utile et courant, notamment parce qu&#8217;il permet de visualiser le transfert de chaleur au cours d&#8217;un processus.\u00a0Pour les processus r\u00e9versibles (id\u00e9aux), l&#8217;aire sous la courbe Ts d&#8217;un processus est la chaleur transf\u00e9r\u00e9e au syst\u00e8me pendant ce processus.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Efficacit\u00e9 du cycle Carnot<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>En g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, le\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Efficacit\u00e9 thermique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-lefficacite-thermique-definition\/\"><strong><span>rendement thermique<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>\u03b7\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong><strong><em><sub><span>e<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0, d&#8217;un moteur thermique est d\u00e9finie comme \u00e9tant le rapport du filet\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-le-travail-en-thermodynamique-definition\/\"><span>travail<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0qu&#8217;il fait,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>W<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, \u00e0 la\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-la-chaleur-en-physique-chaleur-definition\/\"><span>chaleur<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0d&#8217; entr\u00e9e \u00e0 la temp\u00e9rature \u00e9lev\u00e9e, Q\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>H<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/thermal-efficiency-formula-1.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-16945 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/thermal-efficiency-formula-1.png\" alt=\"formule d'efficacit\u00e9 thermique - 1\" width=\"125\" height=\"82\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/thermal-efficiency-formula-1.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Puisque l&#8217;\u00e9nergie est conserv\u00e9e selon la\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quelle-est-la-premiere-loi-de-la-thermodynamique-definition\/\"><strong><span>premi\u00e8re loi de la thermodynamique<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<\/a><span>et que l&#8217;\u00e9nergie ne peut pas \u00eatre convertie pour fonctionner compl\u00e8tement, l&#8217;apport de chaleur, Q\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>H<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0, doit \u00eatre \u00e9gal au travail effectu\u00e9, W, plus la chaleur qui doit \u00eatre dissip\u00e9e sous forme de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>chaleur r\u00e9siduelle Q\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>C<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><span>\u00a0dans le environnement.\u00a0Par cons\u00e9quent, nous pouvons r\u00e9\u00e9crire la formule de l&#8217;efficacit\u00e9 thermique comme suit:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/thermal-efficiency-formula-2.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-16944 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/thermal-efficiency-formula-2.png\" alt=\"formule d'efficacit\u00e9 thermique - 2\" width=\"352\" height=\"83\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/thermal-efficiency-formula-2.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Puisque\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>Q\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong><strong><em><sub><span>C<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong><strong><em><span>\u00a0= \u2206ST\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong><strong><em><sub><span>C<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0<em><span>et\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Q\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><\/em><strong><em><sub><span>H<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong><strong><em><span>\u00a0= \u2206ST\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong><strong><em><sub><span>H<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0, la formule de cette efficacit\u00e9 maximale est:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/carnot-efficiency-equation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-16897 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/carnot-efficiency-equation.png\" alt=\"Formule d'efficacit\u00e9 Carnot\" width=\"369\" height=\"91\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/carnot-efficiency-equation.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>o\u00f9:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>est l&#8217;efficacit\u00e9 du cycle de Carnot, c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire le rapport\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>= W \/ Q\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>H<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><span>\u00a0du travail effectu\u00e9 par le moteur sur l&#8217;\u00e9nergie thermique entrant dans le syst\u00e8me depuis le r\u00e9servoir chaud.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>T\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>C<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><span>\u00a0est la temp\u00e9rature absolue (Kelvins) du r\u00e9servoir froid,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>T\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>H<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><span>\u00a0est la temp\u00e9rature absolue (Kelvins) du r\u00e9servoir chaud.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>Voir aussi:\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Causes d'inefficacit\u00e9 - Efficacit\u00e9 thermique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/laws-of-thermodynamics\/thermal-efficiency\/causes-of-inefficiency\/\"><span>Causes des inefficacit\u00e9s<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Exemple: efficacit\u00e9 de Carnot pour une centrale au charbon<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Dans une\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>centrale \u00e9lectrique au charbon<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0moderne\u00a0, la temp\u00e9rature de la\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-nuclear-engineering\/properties-steam-what-is-steam\/supercritical-fluid-supercritical-water\/what-is-supercritical-steam\/\"><strong><span>vapeur \u00e0 haute pression<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0(T\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>chaud<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0) serait d&#8217;environ 400 \u00b0 C (673 K) et T\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>froide<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0, la temp\u00e9rature de l&#8217;eau de la tour de refroidissement, serait d&#8217;environ 20 \u00b0 C (293 K).\u00a0Pour ce type de centrale, l&#8217;efficacit\u00e9 maximale (id\u00e9ale) sera:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><em><span>\u03b7\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong><strong><em><sub><span>th<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0= 1 &#8211; T<\/span><sub><span>\u00a0froid<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0\/ T<\/span><sub><span>\u00a0chaud<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0= 1 &#8211; 293\/673 =<\/span><strong><span>\u00a056%<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>Il faut l&#8217;ajouter, c&#8217;est une\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>efficacit\u00e9 id\u00e9alis\u00e9e<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0L&#8217;efficacit\u00e9 Carnot est valable pour les proc\u00e9d\u00e9s r\u00e9versibles.\u00a0Ces processus ne peuvent pas \u00eatre r\u00e9alis\u00e9s dans les cycles r\u00e9els des centrales \u00e9lectriques.\u00a0L&#8217;efficacit\u00e9 Carnot dicte que des rendements plus \u00e9lev\u00e9s peuvent \u00eatre atteints en augmentant la temp\u00e9rature de la vapeur.\u00a0Cette fonctionnalit\u00e9 est \u00e9galement valable pour les cycles thermodynamiques r\u00e9els.\u00a0Mais cela n\u00e9cessite une augmentation des pressions \u00e0 l&#8217;int\u00e9rieur des chaudi\u00e8res ou\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/steam-generator\/\"><span>des g\u00e9n\u00e9rateurs de vapeur<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Cependant, des consid\u00e9rations m\u00e9tallurgiques\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>imposent des limites sup\u00e9rieures<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e0 ces pressions.\u00a0Les centrales \u00e9lectriques \u00e0 combustibles fossiles sous-critiques, qui fonctionnent sous\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-pressure-physics\/critical-pressure-of-water\/\"><strong><span>une pression critique<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0(c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 22,1 MPa), peuvent atteindre une efficacit\u00e9 de 36 \u00e0 40%.\u00a0Conceptions supercritiques, qui fonctionnent \u00e0\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-nuclear-engineering\/properties-steam-what-is-steam\/supercritical-fluid-supercritical-water\/what-is-supercritical-steam\/\"><strong><span>pression supercritique<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>(c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 22,1 MPa), ont des rendements d&#8217;environ 43%.\u00a0Les centrales au charbon les plus efficaces et les plus complexes qui fonctionnent \u00e0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>des pressions \u00abultra critiques\u00bb<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(soit environ 30 MPa) et utilisent un r\u00e9chauffage \u00e0 plusieurs \u00e9tages atteignent une efficacit\u00e9 d&#8217;environ 48%.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Voir aussi:\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/reactor-types\/supercritical-water-reactor-scwr\/\"><span>R\u00e9acteur supercritique<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/p>\n<p>Cet article est bas\u00e9 sur la traduction automatique de l&#8217;article original en anglais. Pour plus d&#8217;informations, voir l&#8217;article en anglais. Pouvez vous nous aider Si vous souhaitez corriger la traduction, envoyez-la \u00e0 l&#8217;adresse: translations@nuclear-power.com ou remplissez le formulaire de traduction en ligne. Nous appr\u00e9cions votre aide, nous mettrons \u00e0 jour la traduction le plus rapidement possible. Merci<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Un syst\u00e8me en cycle Carnot est appel\u00e9 moteur thermique Carnot.\u00a0Le cycle Carnot est un cycle th\u00e9orique avec la plus grande efficacit\u00e9 possible de tous les cycles thermodynamiques.\u00a0G\u00e9nie thermique Cycle Carnot &#8211; Moteur thermique Carnot Diagramme pV du cycle de Carnot.\u00a0La zone d\u00e9limit\u00e9e par la piste cyclable compl\u00e8te repr\u00e9sente le travail total pouvant \u00eatre effectu\u00e9 au &#8230; <a title=\"Qu&#8217;est-ce que Carnot Cycle &#8211; Moteur thermique Carnot &#8211; D\u00e9finition\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-carnot-cycle-moteur-thermique-carnot-definition\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Qu&#8217;est-ce que Carnot Cycle &#8211; Moteur thermique Carnot &#8211; D\u00e9finition\">Lire la suite<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[8],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Qu&#039;est-ce que Carnot Cycle - Moteur thermique Carnot - D\u00e9finition<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Un syst\u00e8me en cycle Carnot est appel\u00e9 moteur thermique Carnot. 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