{"id":52956,"date":"2020-03-02T10:29:34","date_gmt":"2020-03-02T09:29:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/quest-ce-que-la-propriete-thermodynamique-definition\/"},"modified":"2020-03-02T10:33:42","modified_gmt":"2020-03-02T09:33:42","slug":"quest-ce-que-la-propriete-thermodynamique-definition","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-la-propriete-thermodynamique-definition\/","title":{"rendered":"Qu&#8217;est-ce que la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 thermodynamique? D\u00e9finition"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\">\n<div class=\"su-quote-inner su-clearfix\">Propri\u00e9t\u00e9s thermodynamiques. En thermodynamique, en ing\u00e9nierie et dans la vie quotidienne &#8211; la connaissance des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s thermodynamiques est \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire pour comprendre les probl\u00e8mes thermodynamiques. G\u00e9nie thermique<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Propri\u00e9t\u00e9s thermodynamiques<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>En thermodynamique, une propri\u00e9t\u00e9 physique est toute propri\u00e9t\u00e9 mesurable, et dont la valeur d\u00e9crit un \u00e9tat d&#8217;un syst\u00e8me physique.\u00a0Notre objectif ici sera d&#8217;introduire\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s thermodynamiques, qui sont utilis\u00e9es en\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span>g\u00e9nie thermodynamique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Ces propri\u00e9t\u00e9s seront ensuite appliqu\u00e9es aux syst\u00e8mes \u00e9nerg\u00e9tiques et enfin aux\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>centrales thermiques<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0ou\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>nucl\u00e9aires<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_16538\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16538\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Extensive-vs.-Intensive-properties-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16538 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Extensive-vs.-Intensive-properties-min.png\" alt=\"Propri\u00e9t\u00e9s thermodynamiques \u00e9tendues et intensives\" width=\"334\" height=\"421\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Extensive-vs.-Intensive-properties-min.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-16538\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Propri\u00e9t\u00e9s extensives et intensives du milieu dans le pressuriseur.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span>En g\u00e9n\u00e9ral,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s thermodynamiques<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0peuvent \u00eatre divis\u00e9es en deux classes g\u00e9n\u00e9rales:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a title=\"Propri\u00e9t\u00e9s \u00e9tendues et intensives\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/extensive-and-intensive-properties\/\"><span>De nombreuses propri\u00e9t\u00e9s<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0:<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0Une<\/span><strong><span>\u00a0grande propri\u00e9t\u00e9<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0d\u00e9pend de la<\/span><strong><span>\u00a0quantit\u00e9 de masse<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0pr\u00e9sente ou sur la<\/span><strong><span>\u00a0taille ou l&#8217;\u00a0\u00e9tendue d&#8217;un syst\u00e8me<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Par exemple, les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s suivantes sont \u00e9tendues:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><a title=\"Qu'est-ce que l'enthalpie\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/what-is-energy-physics\/what-is-enthalpy\/\"><span>Enthalpie<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Qu'est-ce que l'entropie\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/what-is-energy-physics\/what-is-entropy\/\"><span>Entropie<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Gibbs Free Energy\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/what-is-energy-physics\/gibbs-free-energy\/\"><span>Gibbs Free Energy<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Capacit\u00e9 calorifique - Capacit\u00e9 calorifique sp\u00e9cifique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/laws-of-thermodynamics\/first-law-of-thermodynamics\/heat-capacity\/\"><span>Capacit\u00e9 thermique<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-lenergie-interne-energie-thermique-definition\/\"><span>\u00c9nergie interne<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Quelle est la masse et le poids\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-mass-and-weight\/\"><span>Masse<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Qu'est-ce que le volume - Physique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-volume-physics\/\"><span>Le volume<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><a title=\"Propri\u00e9t\u00e9s \u00e9tendues et intensives\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/extensive-and-intensive-properties\/\"><span>Propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intensive<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0:<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0Une<\/span><strong><span>\u00a0propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intensive<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est<\/span><strong><span>\u00a0ind\u00e9pendante de la quantit\u00e9<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de masse et peut varier d&#8217;endroit \u00e0int\u00e9rieur du syst\u00e8me \u00e0 tout moment.\u00a0Par exemple, les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s suivantes sont \u00e9tendues:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><span>Compressibilit\u00e9<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Qu'est-ce que la densit\u00e9 - Physique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-density-physics\/\"><span>Densit\u00e9<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Enthalpie sp\u00e9cifique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/what-is-energy-physics\/what-is-enthalpy\/specific-enthalpy\/\"><span>Enthalpie sp\u00e9cifique<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Entropie sp\u00e9cifique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/what-is-energy-physics\/what-is-entropy\/specific-entropy\/\"><span>Entropie sp\u00e9cifique<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Capacit\u00e9 calorifique - Capacit\u00e9 calorifique sp\u00e9cifique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/laws-of-thermodynamics\/first-law-of-thermodynamics\/heat-capacity\/\"><span>La capacit\u00e9 thermique sp\u00e9cifique<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Qu'est-ce que la pression - Physique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-pressure-physics\/\"><span>Pression<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Qu'est-ce que la temp\u00e9rature - Physique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-la-temperature-physique-definition\/\"><span>Temp\u00e9rature<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><span>Conductivit\u00e9 thermique<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Dilatation thermique<\/span><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Qualit\u00e9 de vapeur - Fraction de s\u00e9cheresse\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-nuclear-engineering\/properties-steam-what-is-steam\/vapor-quality-dryness-fraction\/\"><span>Qualit\u00e9 de vapeur<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Quel est le volume sp\u00e9cifique\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-specific-volume\/\"><span>Volume sp\u00e9cifique<\/span><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Propri\u00e9t\u00e9s sp\u00e9cifiques<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong><span>Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s sp\u00e9cifiques<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de mat\u00e9riaux\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>sont\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span>issus<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0d&#8217;autres propri\u00e9t\u00e9s intensives et extensives de ce mat\u00e9riel.\u00a0Par exemple, la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>densit\u00e9<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de l&#8217;eau est une propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intensive et peut \u00eatre d\u00e9riv\u00e9e de mesures de la masse d&#8217;un volume d&#8217;eau (une propri\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tendue) divis\u00e9e par le volume (une autre propri\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tendue).\u00a0De m\u00eame,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>la capacit\u00e9 thermique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, qui est une propri\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9tendue d&#8217;un syst\u00e8me, peut \u00eatre d\u00e9riv\u00e9e de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>la capacit\u00e9 thermique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, de\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>C\u00a0<\/span><\/em><em><sub><span>p<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0et de la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>masse<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0du syst\u00e8me.\u00a0La division de ces propri\u00e9t\u00e9s \u00e9tendues donne la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>capacit\u00e9 thermique sp\u00e9cifique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>c\u00a0<\/span><\/em><em><sub><span>p<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0, qui est une\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intensive<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s sp\u00e9cifiques sont souvent utilis\u00e9es dans les tableaux de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence comme moyen d\u2019enregistrer les donn\u00e9es des mat\u00e9riaux d\u2019une mani\u00e8re ind\u00e9pendante de la taille ou de la masse.\u00a0Ils sont\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>tr\u00e8s utiles pour faire des comparaisons<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0sur un attribut tout en annulant l&#8217;effet des variations d&#8217;un autre attribut.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_16029\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16029\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Table-of-specific-properties-thermodynamics.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16029 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Table-of-specific-properties-thermodynamics.png\" alt=\"Propri\u00e9t\u00e9s sp\u00e9cifiques - thermodynamique\" width=\"708\" height=\"306\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Table-of-specific-properties-thermodynamics.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-16029\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Tableau de quelques propri\u00e9t\u00e9s sp\u00e9cifiques<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Masse vs poids<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>L&#8217;une des forces les plus connues est le\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>poids<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0d&#8217;un corps, qui est la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>force gravitationnelle<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0que la terre exerce sur le corps.\u00a0En g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, la gravitation est un ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne naturel par lequel toutes les choses de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>masse<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0sont rapproch\u00e9es.\u00a0Les termes\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>masse et poids<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0sont souvent confondus, mais il est important de les\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>distinguer<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Il est absolument essentiel de bien comprendre les distinctions entre ces deux grandeurs physiques.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Quel est le volume<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/what-is-volume-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-16483 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/what-is-volume-min-300x300.png\" alt=\"qu'est-ce que le volume - physique\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/what-is-volume-min-300x300.png\" \/><\/a><span>Le volume<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est une\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>quantit\u00e9 physique de<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0base\u00a0.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Le volume<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est une quantit\u00e9 d\u00e9riv\u00e9e et il exprime l&#8217;\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u00e9tendue tridimensionnelle<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0d&#8217;un\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>objet<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Le volume est souvent quantifi\u00e9 num\u00e9riquement en utilisant l&#8217;unit\u00e9 d\u00e9riv\u00e9e du SI, le\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>m\u00e8tre cube<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Par exemple, le volume \u00e0 l&#8217;int\u00e9rieur d&#8217;une\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>sph\u00e8re<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire le volume d&#8217;une balle) est d\u00e9riv\u00e9 pour \u00eatre\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>V = 4 \/ 3\u03c0r\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><span>\u00a0, o\u00f9 r est le rayon de la sph\u00e8re.\u00a0Comme autre exemple, le volume d&#8217;un cube est \u00e9gal \u00e0 c\u00f4t\u00e9 fois c\u00f4t\u00e9 temps c\u00f4t\u00e9.\u00a0\u00c9tant donn\u00e9 que chaque c\u00f4t\u00e9 d&#8217;un carr\u00e9 est le m\u00eame, il peut simplement \u00eatre la longueur d&#8217;un c\u00f4t\u00e9 en\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>cubes<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Si un carr\u00e9 a un c\u00f4t\u00e9 de 3 m\u00e8tres, le volume serait de 3 m\u00e8tres fois 3 m\u00e8tres fois 3 m\u00e8tres, soit 27 m\u00e8tres cubes.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Voir aussi:\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Volume de liquide de refroidissement dans le syst\u00e8me de refroidissement du r\u00e9acteur\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-reactor\/volume-reactor-coolant-system\/\"><span>Volume de liquide de refroidissement dans le syst\u00e8me de refroidissement du r\u00e9acteur<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Quelle est la densit\u00e9<\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_16264\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16264\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Density-Gas-Liquid-Solid-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-16264 size-medium lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Density-Gas-Liquid-Solid-min-241x300.png\" alt=\"Densit\u00e9 - Gaz - Liquide - Solide\" width=\"241\" height=\"300\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Density-Gas-Liquid-Solid-min-241x300.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-16264\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Densit\u00e9s typiques de diverses substances \u00e0 pression atmosph\u00e9rique.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong><span>La densit\u00e9<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est d\u00e9finie comme la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>masse par unit\u00e9 de volume<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0C&#8217;est une\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Propri\u00e9t\u00e9s \u00e9tendues et intensives\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/extensive-and-intensive-properties\/\"><strong><span>propri\u00e9t\u00e9 intensive<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0, qui est math\u00e9matiquement d\u00e9finie comme la masse divis\u00e9e par le volume:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>\u03c1 = m \/ V<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>En d&#8217;autres termes, la densit\u00e9 (\u03c1) d&#8217;une substance est la masse totale (m) de cette substance divis\u00e9e par le volume total (V) occup\u00e9 par cette substance.\u00a0L&#8217;unit\u00e9 SI standard est le\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>kilogramme par m\u00e8tre cube<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>kg \/ m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><span>\u00a0).\u00a0L&#8217;unit\u00e9 standard anglaise est la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>masse en livres par pied cube<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>lbm \/ ft\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><span>\u00a0).\u00a0La densit\u00e9 (\u03c1) d&#8217;une substance est l&#8217;inverse de son\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>volume sp\u00e9cifique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(\u03bd).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>\u03c1 = m \/ V = \u200b\u200b1 \/ \u03c1<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Le volume sp\u00e9cifique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est une\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>variable intensive<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, tandis que le volume est une variable extensive.\u00a0L&#8217;unit\u00e9 standard pour un volume sp\u00e9cifique dans le syst\u00e8me SI est le m\u00e8tre cube par kilogramme (m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0\/ kg).\u00a0L&#8217;unit\u00e9 standard dans le syst\u00e8me anglais est la masse en pieds cubes par livre (pi\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0\/ lbm).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<span>Voir aussi:\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Coefficient de temp\u00e9rature du mod\u00e9rateur - MTC\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/nuclear-fission-chain-reaction\/reactivity-coefficients-reactivity-feedbacks\/moderator-temperature-coefficient-mtc\/\"><span>Comment la densit\u00e9 influence la r\u00e9activit\u00e9 du r\u00e9acteur<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Densit\u00e9 de mati\u00e8re nucl\u00e9aire<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong><span>La densit\u00e9 nucl\u00e9aire<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est la densit\u00e9 du noyau d&#8217;un atome.\u00a0C&#8217;est le rapport de la masse par unit\u00e9 de volume \u00e0 l&#8217;int\u00e9rieur du noyau.\u00a0\u00c9tant donn\u00e9 que le noyau atomique porte la majeure partie de la masse de l&#8217;atome et que le noyau atomique est tr\u00e8s petit par rapport \u00e0 l&#8217;atome entier, la densit\u00e9 nucl\u00e9aire est tr\u00e8s \u00e9lev\u00e9e.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>La densit\u00e9 nucl\u00e9aire d&#8217;un noyau typique peut \u00eatre approximativement calcul\u00e9e \u00e0 partir de la taille du noyau et de sa masse.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Les\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Rayon nucl\u00e9aire - Rayon du noyau\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals\/neutron-nuclear-reactions\/nuclear-radius-radius-of-nucleus\/\"><span>rayons nucl\u00e9aires<\/span><\/a><\/strong><span><strong>\u00a0typiques<\/strong>\u00a0sont de l&#8217;ordre de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>10 \u00e0\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sup><span>14<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0m<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0En supposant une forme sph\u00e9rique, les rayons nucl\u00e9aires peuvent \u00eatre calcul\u00e9s selon la formule suivante:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>r = r\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>0<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0.\u00a0A\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>1\/3<\/span><\/sup><\/p>\n<p><span>o\u00f9 r\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>0<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0= 1,2 x\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>10-15<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0m = 1,2 fm<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Par exemple,\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Uranium naturel\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-fuel\/uranium\/natural-uranium\/\"><strong><span>l&#8217;uranium naturel se<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0compose principalement de l&#8217;isotope\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-fuel\/uranium\/uranium-238\/\"><sup><span>238<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0U<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0(99,28%), donc la masse atomique de l&#8217;uranium est proche de la masse atomique de l&#8217;\u00a0isotope\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>238<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0U (238.03u).\u00a0Son rayon de ce noyau sera:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>r = r\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>0<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0.\u00a0A\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>1\/3<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0= 7,44 fm.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>En supposant qu&#8217;il soit sph\u00e9rique, son volume sera:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>V = 4\u03c0r\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0\/3 = 1,73 x 10\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>-42<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>La d\u00e9finition habituelle de la densit\u00e9 nucl\u00e9aire donne pour sa densit\u00e9:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u03c1\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>noyau<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0= m \/ V = \u200b\u200b238 x 1,66 x 10\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>-27<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0\/ (1,73 x 10\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>-42<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0) =\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>2,3 x 10\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>17<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0kg \/ m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Ainsi, la densit\u00e9 des mati\u00e8res nucl\u00e9aires est plus de 2,10\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>14<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0fois sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 celle de l&#8217;eau.\u00a0C&#8217;est une immense densit\u00e9.\u00a0Le terme descriptif\u00a0<\/span><em><span>densit\u00e9 nucl\u00e9aire<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0est \u00e9galement appliqu\u00e9 aux situations o\u00f9 des densit\u00e9s similaires se produisent, comme dans les \u00e9toiles \u00e0 neutrons.\u00a0De telles densit\u00e9s immenses se retrouvent \u00e9galement dans les \u00e9toiles \u00e0 neutrons.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Quelle est la pression<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Manometer-Pressure-Measurement.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-16368 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Manometer-Pressure-Measurement-235x300.png\" alt=\"manom\u00e8tre-pression-mesure\" width=\"235\" height=\"300\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Manometer-Pressure-Measurement-235x300.png\" \/><\/a><span>La pression<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est une mesure de la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>force exerc\u00e9e<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0par unit\u00e9 de surface sur les limites d&#8217;une substance.\u00a0L&#8217;unit\u00e9 standard de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>pression<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0dans le syst\u00e8me SI est le\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Newton par m\u00e8tre carr\u00e9 ou pascal (Pa)<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Math\u00e9matiquement:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>p = F \/ A<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>o\u00f9<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>p est la pression<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>F est la force normale<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>A est l&#8217;aire de la fronti\u00e8re<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>Pascal est d\u00e9fini comme la force de 1N qui s&#8217;exerce sur la surface unitaire.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>1 Pascal = 1 N \/ m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-60 lgc-tablet-grid-60 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\"><span>Cependant, pour la plupart des probl\u00e8mes d&#8217;ing\u00e9nierie, il s&#8217;agit d&#8217;une unit\u00e9 assez petite, il est donc pratique de travailler avec des multiples du pascal: le\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>kPa<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>barre<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0et le\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>MPa<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>1 MPa 10\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>6<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0N \/ m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>1 bar 10\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>5<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0N \/ m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>1 kPa 10\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0N \/ m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>En g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, la pression ou la force exerc\u00e9e par unit\u00e9 de surface sur les limites d&#8217;une substance est caus\u00e9e par les\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>collisions<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0des\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>mol\u00e9cules<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de la substance avec les limites du syst\u00e8me.\u00a0Lorsque les mol\u00e9cules frappent les murs, elles exercent des forces qui tentent de pousser les murs vers l&#8217;ext\u00e9rieur.\u00a0Les forces r\u00e9sultant de toutes ces collisions provoquent la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>pression<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0exerc\u00e9e par un syst\u00e8me sur son environnement.\u00a0La pression en tant que\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Propri\u00e9t\u00e9s \u00e9tendues et intensives\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/extensive-and-intensive-properties\/\"><strong><span>variable intensive<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<\/a><span>est constante dans un syst\u00e8me ferm\u00e9.\u00a0Il n&#8217;est vraiment pertinent que dans les syst\u00e8mes liquides ou gazeux.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-40 lgc-tablet-grid-40 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/What-is-Pressure.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-medium wp-image-16371 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/What-is-Pressure-300x129.png\" alt=\"Quelle est la pression\" width=\"300\" height=\"129\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/What-is-Pressure-300x129.png\" \/><\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>\u00c9chelles de pression &#8211; Unit\u00e9s de pression<\/span><\/h2>\n<h2><span>Pascal &#8211; Unit\u00e9 de pression<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Comme nous l&#8217;avons vu, l&#8217;\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>unit\u00e9 SI<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>pression<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0et de contrainte est le\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>pascal<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>1 pascal 1 N \/ m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0= 1 kg \/ (ms\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0)<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>Pascal est d\u00e9fini comme un newton par m\u00e8tre carr\u00e9.\u00a0Cependant, pour la plupart des probl\u00e8mes d&#8217;ing\u00e9nierie, il s&#8217;agit d&#8217;une unit\u00e9 assez petite, il est donc pratique de travailler avec des multiples du pascal: le\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>kPa<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>barre<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0et le\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>MPa<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>1 MPa 10\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>6<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0N \/ m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>1 bar 10\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>5<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0N \/ m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>1 kPa 10\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0N \/ m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>L&#8217;unit\u00e9 de mesure appel\u00e9e\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>atmosph\u00e8re standard<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>atm<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0) est d\u00e9finie comme:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>1 atm = 101,33 kPa<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>L&#8217;atmosph\u00e8re standard se rapproche de la pression moyenne au niveau de la mer \u00e0 45 \u00b0 de latitude N. Notez qu&#8217;il y a une diff\u00e9rence entre l&#8217;\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>atmosph\u00e8re standard<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(atm) et l&#8217;\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>atmosph\u00e8re technique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(at).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Une atmosph\u00e8re technique est une unit\u00e9 de pression non SI \u00e9gale \u00e0 un kilogramme de force par centim\u00e8tre carr\u00e9.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>1 \u00e0 = 98,67 kPa<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Pressure-Units-pascal-bar-psi-atmosphere.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-16280 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Pressure-Units-pascal-bar-psi-atmosphere.png\" alt=\"Tableau - Conversion entre unit\u00e9s de pression - pascal, bar, psi, atmosph\u00e8re\" width=\"659\" height=\"289\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Pressure-Units-pascal-bar-psi-atmosphere.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Voir aussi:\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Livres par pouce carr\u00e9 - psi\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-pressure-physics\/pounds-per-square-inch-psi\/\"><span>Livre par pouce carr\u00e9 &#8211; psi<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Voir aussi:\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Bar - Unit\u00e9 de pression\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-pressure-physics\/bar-unit-of-pressure\/\"><span>Bar &#8211; Unit\u00e9 de pression<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Voir aussi:\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Pressions typiques en ing\u00e9nierie - Exemples\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-pressure-physics\/typical-pressures-in-engineering-examples\/\"><span>Pressions typiques en ing\u00e9nierie<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Pression absolue vs pression manom\u00e9trique<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/absolute-vs.-gauge-pressure.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-full wp-image-16281 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/absolute-vs.-gauge-pressure.png\" alt=\"pression absolue vs manom\u00e9trique\" width=\"388\" height=\"247\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/absolute-vs.-gauge-pressure.png\" \/><\/a><span>La pression d\u00e9crite ci-dessus est appel\u00e9e\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>pression absolue<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Souvent ,\u00a0il est important de\u00a0faire la\u00a0distinction entre\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>pression absolue<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0et la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>pression de la\u00a0jauge<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Dans cet article, le terme pression fait r\u00e9f\u00e9rence \u00e0 la pression absolue, sauf indication contraire explicite.\u00a0Mais en ing\u00e9nierie, nous avons souvent affaire \u00e0 des pressions, qui sont\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>mesur\u00e9es<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0par certains appareils.\u00a0Bien que les pressions absolues doivent \u00eatre utilis\u00e9es dans les relations thermodynamiques,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>les<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0appareils de\u00a0<strong>mesure de pression<\/strong>\u00a0indiquent souvent la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>diff\u00e9rence<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0entre la pression absolue dans un syst\u00e8me et la pression absolue de l&#8217;atmosph\u00e8re existant \u00e0 l&#8217;ext\u00e9rieur de l&#8217;appareil de mesure.\u00a0Ils mesurent la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>pression manom\u00e9trique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>Pression absolue.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span>Lorsque la pression est mesur\u00e9e par rapport \u00e0 un vide parfait, elle est appel\u00e9e pression absolue (psia).\u00a0Les livres par pouce carr\u00e9 absolu (psia) sont utilis\u00e9es pour indiquer clairement que la pression est relative \u00e0 un vide plut\u00f4t qu&#8217;\u00e0 la pression atmosph\u00e9rique ambiante.\u00a0\u00c9tant donn\u00e9 que la pression atmosph\u00e9rique au niveau de la mer est d&#8217;environ 101,3 kPa (14,7 psi), cela s&#8217;ajoutera \u00e0 toute lecture de pression effectu\u00e9e dans l&#8217;air au niveau de la mer.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Pression manom\u00e9trique.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span>Lorsque la pression est mesur\u00e9e par rapport \u00e0 la pression atmosph\u00e9rique (14,7 psi), elle est appel\u00e9e pression manom\u00e9trique (psig).\u00a0Le terme pression relative est appliqu\u00e9 lorsque la pression dans le syst\u00e8me est sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 la pression atmosph\u00e9rique locale, p\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>atm<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Cette derni\u00e8re \u00e9chelle de pression a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e car presque tous les manom\u00e8tres enregistrent z\u00e9ro lorsqu&#8217;ils sont ouverts sur l&#8217;atmosph\u00e8re.\u00a0Les pressions manom\u00e9triques sont positives si elles sont sup\u00e9rieures \u00e0 la pression atmosph\u00e9rique et n\u00e9gatives si elles sont inf\u00e9rieures \u00e0 la pression atmosph\u00e9rique.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em><sub><span>jauge<\/span><\/sub><\/em><span><em>\u00a0p\u00a0<\/em><\/span><em><span>= p\u00a0<\/span><\/em><em><sub><span>absolu<\/span><\/sub><\/em><em><span>\u00a0&#8211; p\u00a0<\/span><\/em><em><sub><span>absolu;\u00a0au m<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>Pression atmosph\u00e9rique.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span>La pression atmosph\u00e9rique est la pression dans l&#8217;air ambiant \u00e0 la surface de la Terre &#8211; ou \u00abpr\u00e8s\u00bb de celle-ci.\u00a0La pression atmosph\u00e9rique varie avec la temp\u00e9rature et l&#8217;altitude au-dessus du niveau de la mer.\u00a0La\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>pression atmosph\u00e9rique standard se<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0rapproche de la pression moyenne au niveau de la mer \u00e0 45 \u00b0 de latitude nord. La\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>pression atmosph\u00e9rique standard<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est d\u00e9finie au niveau de la mer \u00e0\u00a0<\/span><em><span>273\u00a0<\/span><\/em><em><sup><span>o<\/span><\/sup><\/em><em><span>\u00a0K (0\u00a0<\/span><\/em><em><sup><span>o<\/span><\/sup><\/em><em><span>\u00a0C)<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0et est:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em><span>101325 Pa<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em><span>1.01325 bar<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em><span>14,696 psi<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em><span>760 mmHg<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em><span>760 torr<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Pression manom\u00e9trique n\u00e9gative &#8211; Pression de vide.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span>Lorsque la pression atmosph\u00e9rique locale est sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 la pression dans le syst\u00e8me, le terme\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>pression de vide<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est utilis\u00e9.\u00a0Un vide parfait correspondrait \u00e0 une pression nulle absolue.\u00a0Il est certes possible d&#8217;avoir une pression manom\u00e9trique n\u00e9gative, mais pas possible d&#8217;avoir une pression absolue n\u00e9gative.\u00a0Par exemple, une pression absolue de 80 kPa peut \u00eatre d\u00e9crite comme une pression manom\u00e9trique de -21 kPa (c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire 21 kPa en dessous d&#8217;une pression atmosph\u00e9rique de 101 kPa).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em><span>p\u00a0<\/span><\/em><em><sub><span>vide<\/span><\/sub><\/em><em><span>\u00a0= p\u00a0<\/span><\/em><em><sub><span>absolu;\u00a0atm<\/span><\/sub><\/em><em><span>\u00a0&#8211; p\u00a0<\/span><\/em><em><sub><span>absolu<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/p>\n<p><span>Par exemple, un pneu de voiture pomp\u00e9 jusqu&#8217;\u00e0 2,5 atm (36,75 psig) au-dessus de la pression atmosph\u00e9rique locale (disons 1 atm ou 14,7 psia localement), aura une pression absolue de 2,5 + 1 = 3,5 atm (36,75 + 14,7 = 51,45 psia ou 36,75 psig).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>En revanche, les\u00a0<\/span><span>turbines<\/span><span>\u00a0\u00e0\u00a0vapeur\u00a0\u00e0 condensation\u00a0\u00a0(dans\u00a0<a title=\"Centrale nucl\u00e9aire\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/\">les centrales nucl\u00e9aires<\/a>\u00a0) \u00e9vacuent la\u00a0<a title=\"Propri\u00e9t\u00e9s de Steam - Qu'est-ce que Steam\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-steam-proprietes-de-steam-definition\/\">vapeur<\/a>\u00a0\u00e0 une pression bien inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 la pression atmosph\u00e9rique\u00a0<\/span><span>(par exemple \u00e0 0,08 bar ou 8 kPa ou 1,16 psia)\u00a0<\/span><span>et dans un \u00e9tat partiellement condens\u00e9.\u00a0En unit\u00e9s relatives, il s&#8217;agit d&#8217;une pression manom\u00e9trique n\u00e9gative d&#8217;environ &#8211; 0,92 bar, &#8211; 92 kPa ou &#8211; 13,54 psig.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Pressions typiques en ing\u00e9nierie &#8211; Exemples<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Le\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>pascal (Pa) en<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0tant qu&#8217;unit\u00e9 de mesure de pression est largement utilis\u00e9 dans le monde et a largement remplac\u00e9 l&#8217;\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>unit\u00e9 de livres par pouce carr\u00e9 (psi)<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, sauf dans certains pays qui utilisent encore le syst\u00e8me de mesure imp\u00e9rial, y compris les \u00c9tats-Unis.\u00a0Pour la plupart des probl\u00e8mes d&#8217;ing\u00e9nierie, le pascal (Pa) est une unit\u00e9 assez petite, il est donc pratique de travailler avec des multiples du pascal: le kPa, le MPa ou la barre.\u00a0La liste suivante r\u00e9sume quelques exemples:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>La plupart des\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>centrales nucl\u00e9aires<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0exploitent g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>des turbines \u00e0 vapeur \u00e0 condensation \u00e0 plusieurs \u00e9tages<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Ces turbines rejettent de la vapeur \u00e0 une pression bien inf\u00e9rieure \u00e0 la pression atmosph\u00e9rique (par exemple \u00e0 0,08 bar ou 8 kPa ou 1,16 psia) et dans un \u00e9tat partiellement condens\u00e9.\u00a0En unit\u00e9s relatives, il s&#8217;agit d&#8217;une pression manom\u00e9trique n\u00e9gative d&#8217;environ &#8211; 0,92 bar, &#8211; 92 kPa ou &#8211; 13,54 psig.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>La\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>pression atmosph\u00e9rique standard se<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0rapproche de la pression moyenne au niveau de la mer \u00e0 45 \u00b0 de latitude nord. La\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>pression atmosph\u00e9rique standard<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est d\u00e9finie au niveau de la mer \u00e0\u00a0<\/span><em><span>273\u00a0<\/span><\/em><em><sup><span>o<\/span><\/sup><\/em><em><span>\u00a0K (0\u00a0<\/span><\/em><em><sup><span>o<\/span><\/sup><\/em><em><span>\u00a0C)<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0et est:<\/span>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em><span>101325 Pa<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em><span>1.01325 bar<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em><span>14,696 psi<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em><span>760 mmHg<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><em><span>760 torr<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><span>La surpression des pneus de voiture est d&#8217;environ 2,5 bars, 0,25 MPa ou 36 psig.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Chaudi\u00e8re \u00e0 tube de fum\u00e9e de locomotive \u00e0 vapeur: 150\u2013250 psig<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Un \u00e9tage haute pression de turbine \u00e0 vapeur \u00e0 condensation dans une centrale nucl\u00e9aire fonctionne \u00e0 l&#8217;\u00e9tat d&#8217;\u00e9quilibre avec des conditions d&#8217;entr\u00e9e de 6 MPa (60 bar ou 870 psig), t = 275,6 \u00b0 C, x = 1<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Un\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>r\u00e9acteur \u00e0 eau bouillante<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est refroidi et mod\u00e9r\u00e9 par de l&#8217;eau comme un REP, mais \u00e0 une\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>pression inf\u00e9rieure<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(par exemple 7 MPa, 70 bars ou 1015 psig), ce qui permet \u00e0 l&#8217;eau de bouillir \u00e0 l&#8217;int\u00e9rieur du r\u00e9cipient sous pression, produisant la vapeur qui fait fonctionner les turbines.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Les r\u00e9acteurs \u00e0 eau sous pression<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0sont refroidis et mod\u00e9r\u00e9s par de l&#8217;eau liquide \u00e0 haute pression (par exemple 16 MPa, 160 bars ou 2320 psig).\u00a0\u00c0 cette pression, l&#8217;eau bout \u00e0 environ 350 \u00b0 C (662 \u00b0 F), ce qui fournit une marge de sous-refroidissement d&#8217;environ 25 \u00b0 C.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Le\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>r\u00e9acteur \u00e0 eau supercritique (SCWR)<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0fonctionne \u00e0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>pression supercritique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Le terme supercritique dans ce contexte se r\u00e9f\u00e8re au\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-nuclear-engineering\/properties-of-water\/critical-point-of-water\/\"><strong><span>point critique<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0thermodynamique\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-nuclear-engineering\/properties-of-water\/critical-point-of-water\/\"><strong>de l&#8217;eau<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0(T\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>CR<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0= 374 \u00b0 C; p\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>CR<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0= 22,1 MPa)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Injection directe de carburant \u00e0 rampe commune:<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0sur les moteurs diesel, elle est dot\u00e9e d&#8217;une\u00a0<strong>rampe d&#8217;alimentation<\/strong>\u00a0haute pression (sup\u00e9rieure \u00e0 1 000 bar ou 100 MPa ou 14500 psi).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Quelle est la temp\u00e9rature<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>En\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>physique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0et dans la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>vie quotidienne,<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>temp\u00e9rature<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est une mesure comparative objective du\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>chaud ou du froid<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0bas\u00e9e sur notre sens du toucher.\u00a0Un corps qui a chaud a g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement une temp\u00e9rature plus \u00e9lev\u00e9e qu&#8217;un corps similaire qui a froid.\u00a0Mais cette d\u00e9finition n&#8217;est pas simple.\u00a0Par exemple, une tige en m\u00e9tal semble plus froide qu&#8217;une tige en plastique \u00e0 temp\u00e9rature ambiante simplement parce que les m\u00e9taux sont g\u00e9n\u00e9ralement meilleurs pour \u00e9vacuer la chaleur de la peau que les plastiques.\u00a0La\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>chaleur<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0peut\u00a0simplement\u00a0\u00eatre repr\u00e9sent\u00e9e de mani\u00e8re\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>abstraite<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0et il est donc n\u00e9cessaire d&#8217;avoir une mani\u00e8re objective de mesurer la temp\u00e9rature.\u00a0C&#8217;est l&#8217;une des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s thermodynamiques de base.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>\u00c9quilibre thermique<\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_16008\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16008\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Thermal-equilibrium-Zeroth-Law-Thermodynamics.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-16008 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Thermal-equilibrium-Zeroth-Law-Thermodynamics-203x300.png\" alt=\"Loi de Zeroth de la thermodynamique\" width=\"203\" height=\"300\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Thermal-equilibrium-Zeroth-Law-Thermodynamics-203x300.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-16008\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Loi de Zeroth de la thermodynamique: si deux syst\u00e8mes sont tous les deux en \u00e9quilibre thermique avec un troisi\u00e8me, alors ils sont en \u00e9quilibre thermique l&#8217;un avec l&#8217;autre.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span>Un concept particuli\u00e8rement important est\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>l&#8217;\u00e9quilibre thermodynamique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0En g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, lorsque deux objets sont mis en\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>contact thermique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>chaleur circule<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0entre eux\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>jusqu&#8217;\u00e0 ce<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0qu&#8217;ils\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>s&#8217;\u00e9quilibrent<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Lorsqu&#8217;il\u00a0existe\u00a0une\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>diff\u00e9rence de temp\u00e9rature<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, la chaleur circule spontan\u00e9ment\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>du syst\u00e8me le plus chaud vers le syst\u00e8me le plus froid<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Le transfert de chaleur se produit par\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>conduction<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0ou par\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>rayonnement thermique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Lorsque le\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>flux de chaleur s&#8217;arr\u00eate<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, on dit qu&#8217;ils sont \u00e0 la\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>m\u00eame temp\u00e9rature<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0On dit alors qu&#8217;ils sont en\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u00e9quilibre thermique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Par exemple, vous laissez un\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>thermom\u00e8tre<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0dans une tasse de caf\u00e9.\u00a0Lorsque les deux objets interagissent, le thermom\u00e8tre devient plus chaud et le caf\u00e9 se refroidit un peu jusqu&#8217;\u00e0 ce qu&#8217;ils\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>atteignent l&#8217;\u00e9quilibre thermique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Deux objets sont d\u00e9finis comme \u00e9tant en \u00e9quilibre thermique si, lorsqu&#8217;ils sont mis en contact thermique,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>aucune \u00e9nergie nette ne circule<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de l&#8217;un \u00e0 l&#8217;autre et que leurs\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>temp\u00e9ratures ne changent pas<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Nous pouvons postuler:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><em><span>Lorsque les deux objets sont en \u00e9quilibre thermique, leurs temp\u00e9ratures sont \u00e9gales.<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>C&#8217;est le sujet d&#8217;une loi qui s&#8217;appelle la \u00abloi z\u00e9ro de la thermodynamique\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<p><strong><span>La temp\u00e9rature<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est une caract\u00e9ristique tr\u00e8s importante de la mati\u00e8re.\u00a0De nombreuses\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>propri\u00e9t\u00e9s<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de la mati\u00e8re\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>changent avec la temp\u00e9rature<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0La longueur d&#8217;une tige m\u00e9tallique,\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Tables \u00e0 vapeur - Propri\u00e9t\u00e9s sp\u00e9cifiques de l'eau et de la vapeur\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/steam-tables\/\"><span>la pression de vapeur<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0dans une chaudi\u00e8re, la capacit\u00e9 d&#8217;un fil \u00e0 conduire un courant \u00e9lectrique et la couleur d&#8217;un objet incandescent tr\u00e8s chaud.\u00a0Tout cela\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>d\u00e9pend de la temp\u00e9rature<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><span>Par exemple, la plupart des mat\u00e9riaux se dilatent lorsque leur temp\u00e9rature augmente.\u00a0Cette propri\u00e9t\u00e9 est tr\u00e8s importante dans toute la science et l&#8217;ing\u00e9nierie, m\u00eame en\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Ing\u00e9nierie nucl\u00e9aire\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/\"><span>g\u00e9nie nucl\u00e9aire<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.\u00a0L&#8217;\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>efficacit\u00e9 thermodynamique<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0des centrales \u00e9lectriques change avec la temp\u00e9rature de la vapeur d&#8217;entr\u00e9e ou m\u00eame avec la temp\u00e9rature ext\u00e9rieure.\u00a0\u00c0 des temp\u00e9ratures plus \u00e9lev\u00e9es, les solides tels que l&#8217;acier brillent en orange ou m\u00eame en blanc selon la temp\u00e9rature.\u00a0La lumi\u00e8re blanche d&#8217;une ampoule \u00e0 incandescence ordinaire provient d&#8217;un fil de tungst\u00e8ne extr\u00eamement chaud.\u00a0On peut voir que la temp\u00e9rature est l&#8217;une des caract\u00e9ristiques fondamentales qui d\u00e9crit la mati\u00e8re et influence le comportement de la mati\u00e8re.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-accordion\">\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\">\n<div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-clearfix\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>\u00c9chelles de temp\u00e9rature<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/comparison-temperature-scales-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-16243 alignright lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/comparison-temperature-scales-min.png\" alt=\"Conversion de temp\u00e9rature - Fahrenheit - Celsius\" width=\"400\" height=\"318\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/comparison-temperature-scales-min.png\" \/><\/a><span>Lorsque vous utilisez un thermom\u00e8tre, nous devons marquer une \u00e9chelle sur la paroi du tube avec des chiffres dessus.\u00a0Nous devons d\u00e9finir une\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u00e9chelle de temp\u00e9rature<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Une\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>\u00e9chelle de temp\u00e9rature<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0est un moyen de mesurer la temp\u00e9rature par rapport \u00e0 un\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>point de d\u00e9part<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(0 ou z\u00e9ro) et une\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>unit\u00e9 de mesure<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Ces chiffres sont arbitraires et, historiquement, de nombreux sch\u00e9mas diff\u00e9rents ont \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9s.\u00a0Par exemple, cela a \u00e9t\u00e9 fait en d\u00e9finissant certaines occurrences physiques \u00e0 des temp\u00e9ratures donn\u00e9es &#8211; telles que les\u00a0<strong><a title=\"Saturation - point d'\u00e9bullition\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-la-saturation-point-debullition-definition\/\">points de<\/a><\/strong><\/span><strong><span>\u00a0cong\u00e9lation<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0et d&#8217;\u00a0<\/span><strong><a title=\"Saturation - point d'\u00e9bullition\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-la-saturation-point-debullition-definition\/\"><span>\u00e9bullition de l&#8217;eau<\/span><\/a>\u00a0<\/strong><span>\u00a0&#8211; et en les d\u00e9finissant respectivement comme 0 et 100.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Il existe plusieurs \u00e9chelles et unit\u00e9s pour mesurer la temp\u00e9rature.\u00a0Les plus courants sont:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>Celsius (not\u00e9 \u00b0 C),<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Fahrenheit (not\u00e9 \u00b0 F),<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Kelvin (not\u00e9 K; surtout en science).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-accordion\">\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span>\u00c9chelle de Fahrenheit<\/span><\/li>\n<li class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\">\u00c9chelle Celsius<\/li>\n<li class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\">\u00c9chelle Kelvin<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<p>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/p>\n<p>Cet article est bas\u00e9 sur la traduction automatique de l&#8217;article original en anglais. Pour plus d&#8217;informations, voir l&#8217;article en anglais. Pouvez vous nous aider Si vous souhaitez corriger la traduction, envoyez-la \u00e0 l&#8217;adresse: translations@nuclear-power.com ou remplissez le formulaire de traduction en ligne. Nous appr\u00e9cions votre aide, nous mettrons \u00e0 jour la traduction le plus rapidement possible. Merci<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Propri\u00e9t\u00e9s thermodynamiques. En thermodynamique, en ing\u00e9nierie et dans la vie quotidienne &#8211; la connaissance des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s thermodynamiques est \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire pour comprendre les probl\u00e8mes thermodynamiques. G\u00e9nie thermique Propri\u00e9t\u00e9s thermodynamiques En thermodynamique, une propri\u00e9t\u00e9 physique est toute propri\u00e9t\u00e9 mesurable, et dont la valeur d\u00e9crit un \u00e9tat d&#8217;un syst\u00e8me physique.\u00a0Notre objectif ici sera d&#8217;introduire\u00a0des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s thermodynamiques, qui sont &#8230; <a title=\"Qu&#8217;est-ce que la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 thermodynamique? D\u00e9finition\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/quest-ce-que-la-propriete-thermodynamique-definition\/\" aria-label=\"En savoir plus sur Qu&#8217;est-ce que la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 thermodynamique? D\u00e9finition\">Lire la suite<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[8],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Qu&#039;est-ce que la propri\u00e9t\u00e9 thermodynamique? D\u00e9finition<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Propri\u00e9t\u00e9s thermodynamiques. En thermodynamique, en ing\u00e9nierie et dans la vie quotidienne - la connaissance des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s thermodynamiques est \u00e9l\u00e9mentaire pour comprendre les probl\u00e8mes thermodynamiques. 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