{"id":466057,"date":"2024-07-06T15:52:28","date_gmt":"2024-07-06T14:52:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%88%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%87-%e0%a4%89%e0%a4%b7%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b7%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%85%e0%a4%ad%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%bf\/"},"modified":"2024-07-06T15:52:28","modified_gmt":"2024-07-06T14:52:28","slug":"%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%88%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%87-%e0%a4%89%e0%a4%b7%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b7%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%85%e0%a4%ad%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%bf","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/hi\/%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%88%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%87-%e0%a4%89%e0%a4%b7%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%ae%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b7%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%85%e0%a4%ad%e0%a4%bf%e0%a4%95%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%bf\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"sidekick\">\u091c\u093e\u0928\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092a\u0948\u0926\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0906\u0938\u093e\u0928 \u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925\u0964<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/\u0915-\u0938_\u0909\u0937-\u092e-\u0915-\u0937-\u092a_\u0905\u092d-\u0915-\u0930-\u092f-\u090f_\u090a\u0937-\u092e_\u092a-\u0930\u0935-\u0939-\u0924_\u0915\u0930\u0924_\u0939.png\" alt=\"\u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>\u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902<\/h2>\n<p>\u0909\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 (Exothermic Reactions) \u0935\u0947 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e (heat) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0939\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u091c\u093c\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u091c\u0940\u0935\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u091c\u0932\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0932\u0915\u0921\u093c\u0940, \u0906\u0924\u093f\u0936\u092c\u093e\u091c\u0940 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0924\u0915 \u0915\u093f \u0939\u092e\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u0917\u093e\u0921\u093c\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u0909\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u090f\u0901<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928: \u0907\u0928 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li>\u090b\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 <i>\u090f\u0902\u0925\u093e\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0940<\/i> (\u0394H): \u0909\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0902\u0925\u093e\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 (\\\u0394H\\) \u090b\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 (system) \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0916\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li>\u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924: \u0915\u0908 \u0909\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u0938\u094d\u0935\u0924\u0903\u0938\u094d\u092b\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0924 (spontaneous) \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u092f\u093e\u0928\u0940 \u0909\u0928\u094d\u0939\u0947\u0902 \u0936\u0941\u0930\u0942 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0924 \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u0909\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923<\/h2>\n<p>\u0909\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0939\u092e \u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 (chemical thermodynamics) \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u0930\u0932 \u0936\u092c\u094d\u0926\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u0939\u092e \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f <i>\u090f\u0902\u0925\u093e\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0940<\/i> \\((H)\\) \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u092f\u0926\u093f \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u0930\u093e\u0938\u093e\u092f\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n<p>A + B \u2192 C + D + \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e<\/p>\n<p>\u0924\u094b \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0902\u0925\u093e\u0932\u094d\u092a\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0928 (\u0394H) \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n<p>\u0394H = H<sub>products<\/sub> &#8211; H<sub>reactants<\/sub><\/p>\n<p>\u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0909\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0394H \u090b\u0923\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0939\u092e \u0907\u0938 \u0924\u0925\u094d\u092f \u0915\u094b \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0932\u093f\u0916 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n<p>\u0394H < 0<\/p>\n<h2>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li>\u092e\u0940\u0925\u0947\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0939\u0928:\n<p>\u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0939\u0940 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0940\u0925\u0947\u0928 (CH<sub>4<\/sub>) \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0939\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u092e\u0940\u0925\u0947\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 (O<sub>2<\/sub>) \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092c\u0928 \u0921\u093e\u0907\u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u093e\u0907\u0921 (CO<sub>2<\/sub>) \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0932 (H<sub>2<\/sub>O) \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e: CH<sub>4<\/sub> + 2O<sub>2<\/sub> \u2192 CO<sub>2<\/sub> + 2H<sub>2<\/sub>O + \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0926\u0939\u0928:\n<p>\u0939\u093e\u0907\u0921\u094d\u0930\u094b\u091c\u0928 (H<sub>2<\/sub>) \u0915\u093e \u0911\u0915\u094d\u0938\u0940\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u0926\u0939\u0928 \u092d\u0940 \u090f\u0915 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u0905\u091a\u094d\u091b\u093e \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0932 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0930\u093f\u0932\u0940\u091c \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e: 2H<sub>2<\/sub> + O<sub>2<\/sub> \u2192 2H<sub>2<\/sub>O + \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0907\u0928 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u092f\u0939 \u0938\u094d\u092a\u0937\u094d\u091f \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u094b \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u092c\u0928\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0924\u093e\u0935\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/h2>\n<p>\u0909\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u092a\u0940 \u0905\u092d\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0901 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0909\u0924\u094d\u0938\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 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