{"id":466189,"date":"2024-07-06T15:54:12","date_gmt":"2024-07-06T14:54:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/%e0%a4%85%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a7%e0%a4%9a%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%95-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b6%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%aa\/"},"modified":"2024-07-06T15:54:12","modified_gmt":"2024-07-06T14:54:12","slug":"%e0%a4%85%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a7%e0%a4%9a%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%95-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b6%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%aa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/hi\/%e0%a4%85%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a7%e0%a4%9a%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%95-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a6%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b6%e0%a4%a8-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a4%b0-%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%aa\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"sidekick\">\u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093f\u090f \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092f\u093e \u0915\u092e\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0964<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/\u0905\u0930-\u0927\u091a-\u0932\u0915_\u092a-\u0930\u0926\u0930-\u0936\u0928_\u092a\u0930_\u0924-\u092a\u092e-\u0928_\u0915_\u092a-\u0930\u092d-\u0935.png\" alt=\"\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935<\/h2>\n<p>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u091c\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0947\u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e, \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0921\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0921, \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0918\u091f\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0939\u092e \u0926\u0947\u0916\u0947\u0902\u0917\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e<\/h2>\n<p>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0932\u094d\u0938 (\u0905\u0927\u094b\u0917\u093e\u092e\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928) \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e (mobility) \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947-\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0935\u0948\u0932\u0947\u0902\u0938 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0928\u0921\u0915\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921 \u0915\u0947 \u092c\u0940\u091a \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0942\u0930\u0940 (energy gap) \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u092c\u0922\u093c \u091c\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p><u1><\/p>\n<li>\u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930, \u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0932 \u0932\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0938 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928\u094d\u0938 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u091c\u094b \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u0935\u093f\u091a\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<li>\u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930, \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u0915\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0902\u0915\u093f \u0932\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0938 \u0935\u093e\u0907\u092c\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0936\u0928\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/li>\n<p><\/u1><\/p>\n<h2>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/h2>\n<p>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0916\u094d\u092f\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0926\u094b\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u092a\u0921\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0924\u093e (conductivity) \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0924\u093e \\(\\sigma\\) \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u0940 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n<p>\\(\\sigma = nq\\mu\\)<\/p>\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>n: \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u093e\u0902\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0923 (carrier concentration)<\/li>\n<li>q: \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091c (charge of carrier)<\/li>\n<li>\\(\\mu\\): \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0924\u093f\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e (mobility of the carrier)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947-\u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, n \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u093f\u0928 \\(\\mu\\) \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092c\u0926\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0914\u0930 \u0911\u092a\u0930\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928<\/h2>\n<p>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c (thermal voltage), \\(V\\_T\\), \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093e\u0925 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928\u0932\u093f\u0916\u093f\u0924 \u0938\u0942\u0924\u094d\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0935\u094d\u092f\u0915\u094d\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n<p>\\(V\\_T = \\frac{kT}{q}\\)<\/p>\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>k: \u092c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u094d\u091c\u092e\u0948\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915 (Boltzmann constant)<\/li>\n<li>T: \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 (Kelvin \u092e\u0947\u0902)<\/li>\n<li>q: \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091c (charge of an electron)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0935\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u0947\u091c \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u094b \u0921\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0921 \u0914\u0930 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0948\u0902\u0921\u0917\u0948\u092a \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u0930\u094d\u0937<\/h2>\n<p>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0921\u093e\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0911\u091f\u094b\u092e\u094b\u092c\u093e\u0907\u0932 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0902\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0932 \u092f\u0942\u0928\u093f\u091f\u094d\u0938 \u0938\u0947 \u0932\u0947\u0915\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0930\u094d\u091f\u092b\u094b\u0928 \u091a\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0938 \u0924\u0915, \u0939\u0930 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092d\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0916\u093e\u0938\u0915\u0930 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0924\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0905\u0927\u093f\u0915 \u0917\u0930\u092e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093e\u0907\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u091c\u093e\u0928\u093f\u090f \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u0943\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093f \u092f\u093e 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