{"id":480643,"date":"2024-07-06T19:28:17","date_gmt":"2024-07-06T18:28:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/%e0%a4%96%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a3-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%8a%e0%a4%b7%e0%a5%8d\/"},"modified":"2024-07-06T19:28:17","modified_gmt":"2024-07-06T18:28:17","slug":"%e0%a4%96%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a3-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%8a%e0%a4%b7%e0%a5%8d","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/hi\/%e0%a4%96%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a3-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%8a%e0%a4%b7%e0%a5%8d\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917: \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n

\"\u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f<\/p>\n

\u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/h2>\n

\u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928, \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092f\u093e \u0920\u0902\u0921\u093e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e (\u0939\u0940\u091f) \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e, \u092a\u094c\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u091a\u093e\u0932<\/strong> (Conduction), \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928<\/strong> (Convection) \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923<\/strong> (Radiation)\u0964<\/p>\n

\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947<\/h2>\n

<\/p>\n

  • \u091a\u093e\u0932 (Conduction):<\/strong> \u092f\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u0910\u0938\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u0940 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092e\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0913\u0930 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0924\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 (Fourier’s Law) \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930,<\/li>\n

    <\/u1><\/p>\n

    \n\\( q = -k \\frac{dT}{dx} \\)
    \n\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901,
    \n\\( q \\) = \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0926\u0930 (Heat Transfer Rate),
    \n\\( k \\) = \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0924\u093e (Thermal Conductivity),
    \n\\( \\frac{dT}{dx} \\) = \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0922\u093e\u0932 (Temperature Gradient)\u0964<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

  • \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 (Convection):<\/strong> \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u092f\u093e \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 (Natural Convection) \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 (Forced Convection)\u0964 \u0928\u094d\u092f\u0941\u091f\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0940\u0924\u0932\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e (Newton’s Law of Cooling) \u0938\u0947 \u0907\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/li>\n

    <\/u1><\/p>\n

    \n\\( q = hA(T_s – T_f) \\)
    \n\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901,
    \n\\( q \\) = \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0926\u0930,
    \n\\( h \\) = \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 (Heat Transfer Coefficient),
    \n\\( A \\) = \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 (Surface Area),
    \n\\( T_s \\) = \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 (Surface Temperature),
    \n\\( T_f \\) = \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 (Fluid Temperature)\u0964<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

  • \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 (Radiation):<\/strong> \u092f\u0947 \u090f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924 \u091a\u0941\u092e\u094d\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092b\u0928-\u092c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u094d\u091c\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e (Stefan-Boltzmann Law) \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u091a\u093e\u0932\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/li>\n

    <\/u1><\/p>\n

    \n\\( q = \\sigma A (T_s^4 – T_e^4) \\)
    \n\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901,
    \n\\( \\sigma \\) = \u0938\u094d\u091f\u0940\u092b\u0928-\u092c\u094b\u0932\u094d\u091f\u094d\u091c\u092e\u0928 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915 (Stefan-Boltzmann Constant),
    \n\\( A \\) = \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932,
    \n\\( T_s \\) = \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928,
    \n\\( T_e \\) = \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0964<\/p>\n

    \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0907\u0928 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917<\/h2>\n

    \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0928 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

  • \u092a\u093e\u0936\u094d\u091a\u0941\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 (Pasteurization):<\/strong> \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u0942\u0927 \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930 \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0930\u094b\u0917\u093e\u0923\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0948\u0915\u094d\u091f\u0940\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0924\u0947\u095b\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092f\u094b\u0917\u0926\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n
  • \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 (Evaporation):<\/strong> \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0905\u0928\u094d\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093e\u0937\u094d\u092a \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0928\u093f\u0915\u093e\u0932\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u092e\u0941\u0916\u094d\u092f\u0924\u0903 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947\u0964<\/li>\n
  • \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0939\u0923\u0936\u0940\u0932\u0924\u093e \u091f\u093e\u0907\u092e (Freezing Time Calculation):<\/strong> \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u091c\u092e\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0947\u091c\u0940 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u091f\u093e\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928, \u091a\u093e\u0932 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u092d\u0940-\u0915\u092d\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n
  • \u0932\u0947\u092a \u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 (Baking):<\/strong> \u092f\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n

    <\/o1><\/p>\n

    \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0938\u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0928 \u0938\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0915\u094b \u092d\u0940 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917: \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0941\u0936\u0932\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e\u0964<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[127],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 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