{"id":493161,"date":"2024-07-06T23:06:29","date_gmt":"2024-07-06T22:06:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/%e0%a4%85%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a7%e0%a4%9a%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%95-%e0%a4%89%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%97-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%8a%e0%a4%b7%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%ae\/"},"modified":"2024-07-06T23:06:29","modified_gmt":"2024-07-06T22:06:29","slug":"%e0%a4%85%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a7%e0%a4%9a%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%95-%e0%a4%89%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%97-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%8a%e0%a4%b7%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%ae","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/hi\/%e0%a4%85%e0%a4%b0%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a7%e0%a4%9a%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%b2%e0%a4%95-%e0%a4%89%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af%e0%a5%8b%e0%a4%97-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%8a%e0%a4%b7%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%ae\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"sidekick\">\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0964<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/\u0905\u0930-\u0927\u091a-\u0932\u0915_\u0909\u0926-\u092f-\u0917_\u092e_\u090a\u0937-\u092e-\u0917\u0924-\u0915.png\" alt=\"\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/h2>\n<p>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 (Thermodynamics) \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0926 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u091c\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u0930, \u0921\u093e\u092f\u094b\u0921 \u0914\u0930 IC \u091a\u093f\u092a\u094d\u0938 \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u093e \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0915\u0930, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u090f\u0902 \u092c\u0939\u0941\u0924 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092c\u0902\u0927\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e (Reliability) \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u0940\u0930\u094d\u0918\u093e\u092f\u0941 (Durability) \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/li>\n<li>\u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 (Performance) \u0915\u094b \u092c\u0947\u0939\u0924\u0930 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0928\u093e<\/li>\n<li>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u092c\u0902\u0927\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u093e\u0930\u0902\u091f\u0940 \u0926\u0947\u0928\u093e<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947 \u090f\u0915, \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 (Heat Transfer) \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0902 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 (Conduction)<\/li>\n<li>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 (Convection)<\/li>\n<li>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 (Radiation)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 (Conduction)<\/h2>\n<p>\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0935\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0932\u093f\u0915\u0949\u0928, \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964 Fourier\u2019s Law \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930, \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0930 \u092c\u0924\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n<p>\n\\[ q = -k \\frac{dT}{dx} \\]\n<\/p>\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902, \\( q \\) \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0926\u0930 (Heat flux) \u0939\u0948, \\( k \\) \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0932 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915\u0924\u093e (Thermal conductivity) \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \\( \\frac{dT}{dx} \\) \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928\u0924\u093e (Temperature gradient) \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 (Convection)<\/h2>\n<p>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u092f\u093e \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0926\u0930\u094d\u092d\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 Newton\u2019s Law of Cooling \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930:<\/p>\n<p>\n\\[ q = hA(T_s &#8211; T_f) \\]\n<\/p>\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902, \\( q \\) \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0930 (Heat transfer rate) \u0939\u0948, \\( h \\) \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u093e\u0939\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 (Convective heat transfer coefficient) \u0939\u0948, \\( A \\) \u0938\u0902\u092a\u0930\u094d\u0915 \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 (Surface area) \u0939\u0948, \\( T_s \\) \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 (Surface temperature) \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \\( T_f \\) \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 (Fluid temperature) \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 (Radiation)<\/h2>\n<p>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092b\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u092c\u093f\u0928\u093e \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0915\u0947\u0964 Stefan-Boltzmann Law \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0928\u093f\u0937\u094d\u0915\u093e\u0938\u0928:<\/p>\n<p>\n\\[ E = \\sigma T^4 \\]\n<\/p>\n<p>\u091c\u0939\u093e\u0902, \\( E \\) \u090f\u0928\u0930\u094d\u091c\u0940 \u090f\u092e\u093f\u0936\u0928 (Energy emission) \u0939\u0948, \\( \\sigma \\) Stefan-Boltzmann \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \\( T \\) \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 (Temperature) \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u0909\u0924\u094d\u0924\u092e \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940<\/h2>\n<p>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092a\u0939\u0932\u0942 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u090f\u092f\u0930 \u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 (Air cooling)<\/li>\n<li>\u0932\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0935\u093f\u0921 \u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 (Liquid cooling)<\/li>\n<li>\u0925\u0930\u094d\u092e\u094b\u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915 \u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 (Thermoelectric cooling)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u094d\u092f\u0947\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u092a\u0928\u0947 \u0932\u093e\u092d \u0914\u0930 \u0939\u093e\u0928\u093f \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0914\u0930 \u0907\u0928\u0915\u093e \u091a\u092f\u0928 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u092a\u094d\u0930\u0923\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f\u0936\u0940\u0932 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u0938\u0902\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902, \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924 \u0938\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0936\u094d\u091a\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902 \u0915\u093f \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092d\u093e\u0935\u0936\u093e\u0932\u0940 \u0922\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0935\u0938\u0928\u0940\u092f\u0924\u093e \u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u0941\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0930\u094b\u091c\u092e\u0930\u094d\u0930\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u0949\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u091c\u0930\u0942\u0930\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u0942\u0930\u0940 \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0947\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917, \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u092a\u0915\u0930\u0923\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0926\u0930\u094d\u0936\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0947\u0924\u0941 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0964<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[127],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"\u0905\u0930\u094d\u0927\u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e\u0917\u0924\u093f\u0915\u0940 \u0915\u0947 \u0938\u093f\u0926\u094d\u0927\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u092a\u0930\u093f\u091a\u092f \u0914\u0930 \u0909\u0928\u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917, 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