{"id":495013,"date":"2024-07-06T23:37:08","date_gmt":"2024-07-06T22:37:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/%e0%a4%96%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a3-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%aa\/"},"modified":"2024-07-06T23:37:08","modified_gmt":"2024-07-06T22:37:08","slug":"%e0%a4%96%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a3-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%aa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/hi\/%e0%a4%96%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a6%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%95%e0%a4%b0%e0%a4%a3-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%aa\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"sidekick\">\u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923: \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094c\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/\u0916-\u0926-\u092f_\u092a-\u0930\u0938-\u0938-\u0915\u0930\u0923_\u092e_\u0924-\u092a-\u092f_\u0938-\u091a\u0930\u0923.png\" alt=\"\u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>\u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923<\/h2>\n<p>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 (heat transfer) \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u0938\u0947 \u0926\u0942\u0938\u0930\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0936\u093e\u092e\u093f\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0902: \u091a\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 (conduction), \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 (convection), \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 (radiation)\u0964<\/p>\n<h2>\u091a\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923<\/h2>\n<p>\u091a\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u094b \u090f\u0915 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0906\u092e\u0924\u094c\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u0938\u093e\u092e\u0917\u094d\u0930\u0940 \u0915\u094b \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u091c\u092c \u0906\u092a \u090f\u0915 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0924\u0935\u0947 \u092a\u0930 \u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u0938\u0947\u0902\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0924\u0935\u0947 \u0938\u0947 \u0930\u094b\u091f\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u091a\u092e\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939\u093f\u0924 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0936 \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e Fourier \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948:\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\\[dq = -kA \\frac{dT}{dx}\\]\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928<\/h2>\n<p>\u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 (convection) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u092f\u093e \u0917\u0948\u0938 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948: \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0914\u0930 \u092c\u0932\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928\u0964 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u090a\u092a\u0930 \u0909\u0920\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u0914\u0930 \u0920\u0902\u0921\u093e \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0928\u0940\u091a\u0947 \u0917\u093f\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092c\u0932\u093e\u0924 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0915\u094b\u0908 \u092c\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0940 \u0938\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0924, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u092a\u0902\u0916\u093e \u092f\u093e \u092a\u0902\u092a, \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u091c\u092c \u0906\u092a \u090f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0932 \u092a\u0926\u093e\u0930\u094d\u0925 \u0915\u094b \u0939\u093f\u0932\u093e\u0915\u0930 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902, \u0924\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u092b\u0948\u0932\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e Newton \u0915\u0947 \u0936\u0940\u0924\u0932\u0928 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0947 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u093e\u0930 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948:\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\\[Q = hA(T_s &#8211; T_f)\\]\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923<\/h2>\n<p>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 (radiation) \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u094b \u0935\u093f\u0926\u094d\u092f\u0941\u0924\u091a\u0941\u0902\u092c\u0915\u0940\u092f \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u0915\u093f\u0938\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0915\u0940 \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0928\u0939\u0940\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940, \u0905\u0930\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0924 \u092f\u0939 \u0928\u093f\u0930\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0924 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092d\u0940 \u0915\u093e\u092e \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0909\u0926\u093e\u0939\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f, \u0938\u0942\u0930\u091c \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0930\u094d\u092e\u0940 \u092a\u0943\u0925\u094d\u0935\u0940 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0926\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0930\u093e \u092a\u0939\u0941\u0902\u091a\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n<p>\u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f Stefan-Boltzmann \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0907\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0947\u092e\u093e\u0932 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:\n<\/p>\n<p>\n\\[Q = \u03b5\u03c3AT^4\\]\n<\/p>\n<h2>\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0923: \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 (pasteurization \u0914\u0930 sterilization) \u092e\u093e\u092a\u0926\u0902\u0921\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u091f\u0940\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0928\u093f\u092f\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0938\u0942\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092e\u091c\u0940\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u092e\u093e\u0930\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li>\u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e: \u0935\u093f\u092d\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u092c\u0928\u093e\u0935\u091f, \u0938\u094d\u0935\u093e\u0926 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094b\u0937\u0915 \u0924\u0924\u094d\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0902\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<li>\u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e: \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u0916\u092a\u0924 \u0915\u094b \u0915\u092e \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u093f\u0938\u0938\u0947 \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0940 \u0932\u093e\u0917\u0924 \u0915\u092e \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0907\u0928 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u091d \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0939\u0940 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0909\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0909\u091a\u094d\u091a \u0917\u0941\u0923\u0935\u0924\u094d\u0924\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u0909\u0924\u094d\u092a\u093e\u0926\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0906\u0935\u0936\u094d\u092f\u0915 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u0928 \u0915\u0947\u0935\u0932 \u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093e \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0941\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948 \u092c\u0932\u094d\u0915\u093f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0926\u0915\u094d\u0937\u0924\u093e \u092d\u0940 \u092c\u0922\u093c\u093e\u0908 \u091c\u093e \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0916\u093e\u0926\u094d\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0938\u0902\u0938\u094d\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u0902\u091a\u0930\u0923: \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0915\u0940 \u092d\u0942\u092e\u093f\u0915\u093e, \u0935\u093f\u0927\u093f\u092f\u093e\u0901 \u0914\u0930 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u094b \u092d\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u0941\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0937\u093f\u0924 \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u094c\u0937\u094d\u091f\u093f\u0915 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