{"id":496095,"date":"2024-07-06T23:55:21","date_gmt":"2024-07-06T22:55:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%8f%e0%a4%ab%e0%a4%a1%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a5%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%82\/"},"modified":"2024-07-06T23:55:21","modified_gmt":"2024-07-06T22:55:21","slug":"%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%8f%e0%a4%ab%e0%a4%a1%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a5%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%82","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/hi\/%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%8f%e0%a4%ab%e0%a4%a1%e0%a5%80-%e0%a4%ae%e0%a5%87%e0%a4%82-%e0%a4%a4%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%aa%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%af-%e0%a4%b8%e0%a5%8d%e0%a4%a5%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%a8%e0%a4%be%e0%a4%82\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0938\u0940\u090f\u092b\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0938\u0940\u090f\u092b\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917: \u0924\u093e\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0914\u0930 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0964<\/p>\n

\"\u0938\u0940\u090f\u092b\u0921\u0940<\/p>\n

\u0938\u0940\u090f\u092b\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/h2>\n

\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 (Thermal Transfer) \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u092f\u093e\u0902\u0924\u094d\u0930\u093f\u0915\u0940 (Fluid Mechanics) \u0915\u093e \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0902\u092a\u094d\u092f\u0942\u091f\u0947\u0936\u0928\u0932 \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0942\u0907\u0921 \u0921\u093e\u092f\u0928\u0947\u092e\u093f\u0915\u094d\u0938 (CFD) \u0915\u093e \u090f\u0915 \u092e\u0939\u0924\u094d\u0935\u092a\u0942\u0930\u094d\u0923 \u092d\u093e\u0917 \u0939\u0948\u0964 CFD \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0939\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u0914\u0930 \u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u092d\u0940\u0924\u0930 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0935\u093f\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094b \u0938\u092e\u091d\u0928\u0947 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092e\u0926\u0926 \u0915\u0930\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u092f\u0939 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u092f\u093e \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0940\u0928\u093f\u092f\u0930\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0935\u0948\u091c\u094d\u091e\u093e\u0928\u093f\u0915 \u0905\u0928\u0941\u0938\u0902\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0935\u094d\u092f\u093e\u092a\u0915 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u0938\u0947 \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u0940 \u0939\u0948, \u091c\u0948\u0938\u0947 \u0915\u093f \u0935\u093e\u0939\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0902\u091c\u0928 \u0921\u093f\u091c\u093c\u093e\u0907\u0928, \u092d\u0935\u0928\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u0939\u0940\u091f\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0914\u0930 \u0915\u0942\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u093f\u0938\u094d\u091f\u092e, \u0914\u0930 \u0914\u0926\u094d\u092f\u094b\u0917\u093f\u0915 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u094b\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0947\u0938\u0964<\/p>\n

\u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u0947<\/h2>\n

<\/p>\n

  • \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 (Conduction)<\/li>\n
  • \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 (Convection)<\/li>\n
  • \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 (Radiation)<\/li>\n

    <\/u1><\/p>\n

    \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 (Conduction)<\/h2>\n

    \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0928 \u0920\u094b\u0938 \u0935\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0941\u0913\u0902 \u092f\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935\u094b\u0902 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0939\u0938\u094d\u0924\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093f\u0928\u093f\u0927\u093f\u0924\u094d\u0935 Fourier \u0915\u093e \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n

    \n q<\/i> = -k \\(\\frac{dT}{dx}\\)\n<\/p>\n

    \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 q<\/i> \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u092b\u094d\u0932\u0915\u094d\u0938 \u0939\u0948, k<\/i> \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \\(\\frac{dT}{dx}\\) \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0917\u094d\u0930\u0947\u0921\u093f\u090f\u0902\u091f \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n

    \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 (Convection)<\/h2>\n

    \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928, \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u092f\u093e \u0917\u0948\u0938\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0915\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0926\u094b \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930 \u0915\u093e \u0939\u094b \u0938\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

  • \u092a\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0915\u0943\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 (Natural Convection)<\/li>\n
  • \u092c\u0932\u0935\u0924\u0940 \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 (Forced Convection)<\/li>\n

    <\/o1><\/p>\n

    \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0917\u0923\u093f\u0924\u0940\u092f \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n

    \n qconv<\/sub> = hA \\(\\Delta T\\)\n<\/p>\n

    \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 h<\/i> \u0938\u0902\u0935\u0939\u0928 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u091f\u094d\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0938\u092b\u0930 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0939\u0948, A<\/i> \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 \\(\\Delta T\\) \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0905\u0902\u0924\u0930 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n

    \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 (Radiation)<\/h2>\n

    \u0935\u093f\u0915\u093f\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u092e\u093e\u0927\u094d\u092f\u092e \u0938\u0947 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0915\u093e \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0907\u0932\u0947\u0915\u094d\u091f\u094d\u0930\u094b\u092e\u0948\u0917\u094d\u0928\u0947\u091f\u093f\u0915 \u0924\u0930\u0902\u0917\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0930\u0942\u092a \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0939\u094b\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 Stefan-Boltzmann \u0915\u093e\u0928\u0942\u0928 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u0930\u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0938\u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n

    \n qrad<\/sub> = \\(\\sigma\\) \u03b5 A (T4<\/sup> – Tsurr<\/sub>4<\/sup>)\n<\/p>\n

    \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \\(\\sigma\\) Stefan-Boltzmann \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093f\u0930\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0939\u0948, \u03b5 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0924\u0940\u0915\u093e\u0924\u094d\u092e\u0915 \u0917\u0941\u0923\u093e\u0902\u0915 \u0939\u0948, A \u0938\u0924\u0939 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u0947\u0924\u094d\u0930\u092b\u0932 \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 Tsurr<\/sub> \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0935\u0947\u0936 \u0915\u093e \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n

    \u0938\u0940\u090f\u092b\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917<\/h2>\n

    \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0947 \u0907\u0928 \u0924\u0940\u0928 \u0924\u0930\u0940\u0915\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0947 \u0906\u0927\u093e\u0930 \u092a\u0930 \u0938\u0940\u090f\u092b\u0921\u0940 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0938\u092e\u093e\u0927\u093e\u0928 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964 \u0907\u0938\u092e\u0947\u0902 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0939\u094b\u0928\u0947 \u0935\u093e\u0932\u0947 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u092e\u0941\u0916 \u0915\u0926\u092e \u0939\u0948\u0902:<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

  • \u092d\u094c\u0924\u093f\u0915 \u0935\u093f\u0936\u0947\u0937\u0924\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u092d\u093e\u0937\u093e<\/li>\n
  • \u0938\u0940\u092e\u093e \u0936\u0930\u094d\u0924\u0947\u0902 \u0938\u0947\u091f \u0915\u0930\u0928\u093e<\/li>\n
  • \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932 \u0915\u0940 \u0921\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0915\u094d\u0930\u093f\u091f\u093e\u0907\u091c\u093c\u0947\u0936\u0928<\/li>\n
  • \u0938\u093e\u0915\u094d\u0937\u094d\u092f \u0915\u0940 \u0917\u0923\u0928\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u092a\u0930\u093f\u0923\u093e\u092e\u094b\u0902 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u093e\u0928\u094d\u092f\u0924\u093e<\/li>\n

    <\/u1><\/p>\n

    \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0915\u0947 \u0926\u094c\u0930\u093e\u0928, Navier-Stokes \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u093e \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917 \u0915\u093f\u092f\u093e \u091c\u093e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948:<\/p>\n

    \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u0917\u0924\u093f \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f Navier-Stokes \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923:<\/p>\n

    \n \u03c1 (\\(\\frac{\\partial u}{\\partial t}\\) + u \\(\\frac{\\partial u}{\\partial x}\\)) = -\\(\\frac{\\partial p}{\\partial x}\\) + \u03bc \\(\\frac{\\partial^2 u}{\\partial x^2}\\)\n<\/p>\n

    \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0938\u092e\u0940\u0915\u0930\u0923:<\/p>\n

    \n \u03c1 c_p (\\(\\frac{\\partial T}{\\partial t}\\) + u \\(\\frac{\\partial T}{\\partial x}\\)) = k \\(\\frac{\\partial^2 T}{\\partial x^2}\\)\n<\/p>\n

    \u091c\u0939\u093e\u0901 \u03c1 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u0915\u093e \u0918\u0928\u0924\u094d\u0935 \u0939\u0948, u<\/i> \u0935\u0947\u0917 \u0939\u0948, p<\/i> \u0926\u093e\u092c \u0939\u0948, \\(\\mu\\) \u0938\u093e\u0928\u094d\u0926\u094d\u0930\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, T<\/i> \u0924\u093e\u092a\u092e\u093e\u0928 \u0939\u0948, cp<\/sub><\/i> \u0935\u093f\u0936\u093f\u0937\u094d\u091f \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0927\u093e\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u094d\u0937\u092e\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948, \u0914\u0930 k<\/i> \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u091a\u093e\u0932\u0915\u0924\u093e \u0939\u0948\u0964<\/p>\n

    \u0907\u0938 \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0915\u093e\u0930, \u0938\u0940\u090f\u092b\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u0915\u0940 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917 \u0938\u0947 \u0939\u092e \u091c\u091f\u093f\u0932 \u090a\u0937\u094d\u092e\u093e \u0914\u0930 \u0926\u094d\u0930\u0935 \u0915\u0940 \u0938\u092e\u0938\u094d\u092f\u093e\u0913\u0902 \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0914\u0930 \u0938\u0902\u092f\u094b\u091c\u0928 \u0915\u0930 \u0938\u0915\u0924\u0947 \u0939\u0948\u0902\u0964<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u0938\u0940\u090f\u092b\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f \u0938\u094d\u0925\u093e\u0928\u093e\u0902\u0924\u0930\u0923 \u092e\u0949\u0921\u0932\u093f\u0902\u0917: \u0924\u093e\u092a \u092a\u094d\u0930\u0935\u093e\u0939 \u0914\u0930 \u090a\u0930\u094d\u091c\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0928\u093f\u092e\u092f \u0915\u093e \u0935\u093f\u0936\u094d\u0932\u0947\u0937\u0923 \u0915\u0930\u0928\u0947 \u0915\u0947 \u0932\u093f\u090f \u0909\u092a\u092f\u094b\u0917\u0940 \u0938\u0949\u092b\u094d\u091f\u0935\u0947\u092f\u0930 \u0924\u0915\u0928\u0940\u0915 \u092a\u0930 \u0935\u093f\u0938\u094d\u0924\u0943\u0924 \u091c\u093e\u0928\u0915\u093e\u0930\u0940\u0964<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[127],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\n\u0938\u0940\u090f\u092b\u0921\u0940 \u092e\u0947\u0902 \u0924\u093e\u092a\u0940\u092f 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