{"id":47156,"date":"2019-11-03T10:46:19","date_gmt":"2019-11-03T09:46:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/o-que-e-catastrofe-ultravioleta-catastrofe-de-rayleigh-jeans-definicao\/"},"modified":"2020-01-22T14:28:00","modified_gmt":"2020-01-22T13:28:00","slug":"o-que-e-catastrofe-ultravioleta-catastrofe-de-rayleigh-jeans-definicao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-catastrofe-ultravioleta-catastrofe-de-rayleigh-jeans-definicao\/","title":{"rendered":"O que \u00e9 cat\u00e1strofe ultravioleta &#8211; cat\u00e1strofe de Rayleigh-Jeans &#8211; defini\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\">\n<div class=\"su-quote-inner su-clearfix\">A inconsist\u00eancia entre as observa\u00e7\u00f5es e as previs\u00f5es da f\u00edsica cl\u00e1ssica \u00e9 conhecida como cat\u00e1strofe ultravioleta ou cat\u00e1strofe Rayleigh-Jeans.\u00a0Engenharia T\u00e9rmica<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2>Cat\u00e1strofe ultravioleta<\/h2>\n<p>Antes\u00a0<strong><a title=\"Lei de Planck - Hip\u00f3tese de Planck\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/radiation-heat-transfer\/plancks-law-plancks-hypothesis\/\">da hip\u00f3tese de Planck<\/a>\u00a0, os<\/strong>\u00a0f\u00edsicos tentavam descrever a radia\u00e7\u00e3o espectral da radia\u00e7\u00e3o eletromagn\u00e9tica pela\u00a0<strong>f\u00edsica cl\u00e1ssica<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0A aproxima\u00e7\u00e3o baseada na f\u00edsica cl\u00e1ssica \u00e9 conhecida como\u00a0<strong>lei de Rayleigh-Jeans<\/strong>\u00a0.<\/p>\n<p>Da mesma forma como para a\u00a0<strong>lei de Planck<\/strong>\u00a0, a\u00a0<strong>Lei de Rayleigh-Jeans<\/strong>\u00a0d\u00e1 o brilho espectral de um corpo em fun\u00e7\u00e3o de \u03bd a frequ\u00eancia \u00e0 temperatura absoluta T:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Rayleigh-Jeans-Law-equation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-21001 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Rayleigh-Jeans-Law-equation.png\" alt=\"Lei de Rayleigh-Jeans - equa\u00e7\u00e3o\" width=\"203\" height=\"89\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Rayleigh-Jeans-Law-equation.png\" \/><\/a>Onde<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em>B\u00a0<sub>\u03bd<\/sub>\u00a0(v, T)<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 a densidade daradia\u00e7\u00e3oespectral (a pot\u00eancia por unidade de \u00e2ngulo s\u00f3lido e por unidade de \u00e1rea normal \u00e0 propaga\u00e7\u00e3o) da densidade<i>\u00a0\u03bd<\/i>\u00a0radia\u00e7\u00e3o por unidade de frequ\u00eancia no equil\u00edbrio t\u00e9rmico na temperatura T<\/li>\n<li><b>c<\/b>\u00a0\u00e9 a velocidade da luz no v\u00e1cuo<\/li>\n<li><strong>k\u00a0<sub>B<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 a constante de Boltzmann<\/li>\n<li><b><i>\u03bd<\/i><\/b>\u00a0\u00e9 a frequ\u00eancia da radia\u00e7\u00e3o eletromagn\u00e9tica<\/li>\n<li><b>T<\/b>\u00a0\u00e9 a temperatura absoluta do corpo<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_21002\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-21002\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/ultraviolet-catastrophe-chart.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-21002 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/ultraviolet-catastrophe-chart-300x248.png\" alt=\"cat\u00e1strofe ultravioleta\" width=\"300\" height=\"248\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/ultraviolet-catastrophe-chart-300x248.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-21002\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A cat\u00e1strofe ultravioleta \u00e9 o erro em comprimentos de onda curtos na lei Rayleigh-Jeans (retratada como &#8220;teoria cl\u00e1ssica&#8221; no gr\u00e1fico) para a energia emitida por um corpo negro ideal.\u00a0O erro, muito mais pronunciado para comprimentos de onda curtos, \u00e9 a diferen\u00e7a entre a curva preta (como prevista pela lei Rayleigh-Jeans) e a curva azul (a curva medida prevista pela lei de Planck).<br \/>\nFonte: wikipedia.org Licen\u00e7a: Dom\u00ednio P\u00fablico<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p><span>O espectro eletromagn\u00e9tico previsto por esta f\u00f3rmula concorda com os resultados experimentais em baixas frequ\u00eancias (grandes comprimentos de onda), mas\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>discorda<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0fortemente\u00a0<strong>das altas frequ\u00eancias<\/strong>\u00a0(comprimentos de onda curtos).\u00a0Essa inconsist\u00eancia entre as observa\u00e7\u00f5es e as previs\u00f5es da f\u00edsica cl\u00e1ssica \u00e9 comumente conhecida como\u00a0<\/span><b><span>cat\u00e1strofe ultravioleta<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0ou\u00a0<b>cat\u00e1strofe\u00a0<\/b><\/span><b><span>Rayleigh-Jeans<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Ao calcular a quantidade total de energia radiante (ou seja, a soma das emiss\u00f5es em todas as faixas de frequ\u00eancia), pode ser demonstrado que um\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"O que \u00e9 o Blackbody - Defini\u00e7\u00e3o de Blackbody\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/radiation-heat-transfer\/what-is-blackbody-definition-of-blackbody\/\"><span>corpo negro<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, nesse caso, liberaria uma quantidade infinita de energia, o que est\u00e1 em contradi\u00e7\u00e3o com a\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Lei de Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de Energia\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/laws-of-conservation\/law-of-conservation-of-energy\/\"><span>lei da conserva\u00e7\u00e3o de energia<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>O estudo das leis dos corpos negros e o fracasso da f\u00edsica cl\u00e1ssica em descrev\u00ea-los ajudaram a estabelecer os fundamentos da mec\u00e2nica qu\u00e2ntica.\u00a0A solu\u00e7\u00e3o desse problema foi proposta pelo f\u00edsico te\u00f3rico alem\u00e3o Max Planck, que introduziu uma suposi\u00e7\u00e3o muito estranha (para a \u00e9poca) de que a energia \u00e9 irradiada e absorvida em &#8220;quanta&#8221; discretos (ou pacotes de energia).\u00a0As suposi\u00e7\u00f5es de Planck levaram \u00e0 forma correta das fun\u00e7\u00f5es de distribui\u00e7\u00e3o espectral:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/plancks-law-equation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-21000 aligncenter lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/plancks-law-equation.png\" alt=\"lei de plancks - equa\u00e7\u00e3o\" width=\"279\" height=\"93\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/plancks-law-equation.png\" \/><\/a><span>Onde<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><em><span>B\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>\u03bd<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0(v, T)<\/span><\/em><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 a densidade daradia\u00e7\u00e3oespectral (a pot\u00eancia por unidade de \u00e2ngulo s\u00f3lido e por unidade de \u00e1rea normal \u00e0 propaga\u00e7\u00e3o) da densidade<\/span><i><span>\u00a0\u03bd<\/span><\/i><span>\u00a0radia\u00e7\u00e3o por unidade de frequ\u00eancia no equil\u00edbrio t\u00e9rmico na temperatura T<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>h<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 a constante de Planck<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b><span>c<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0\u00e9 a velocidade da luz no v\u00e1cuo<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>k\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>B<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 a constante de Boltzmann<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b><i><span>\u03bd<\/span><\/i><\/b><span>\u00a0\u00e9 a frequ\u00eancia da radia\u00e7\u00e3o eletromagn\u00e9tica<\/span><\/li>\n<li><b><span>T<\/span><\/b><span>\u00a0\u00e9 a temperatura absoluta do corpo<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>Albert Einstein resolveu o problema postulando que os quanta de Planck eram part\u00edculas f\u00edsicas reais, o que chamamos agora de f\u00f3tons, n\u00e3o apenas uma fic\u00e7\u00e3o matem\u00e1tica.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Radia\u00e7\u00e3o de corpo negro<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Sabe-se que a quantidade de energia de radia\u00e7\u00e3o emitida a partir de uma superf\u00edcie em um determinado comprimento de onda depende do\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>material<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0do corpo e das condi\u00e7\u00f5es de sua\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>superf\u00edcie<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, bem como da\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"O que \u00e9 temperatura - F\u00edsica\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-temperatura-fisica-definicao\/\"><strong><span>temperatura<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0da superf\u00edcie\u00a0.\u00a0Portanto, v\u00e1rios materiais emitem quantidades diferentes de energia radiante, mesmo quando est\u00e3o na mesma temperatura.\u00a0Um\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>corpo<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0que emite a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>quantidade m\u00e1xima<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de calor para sua temperatura absoluta \u00e9 chamado de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>corpo negro<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/blackbody-radiation-chart-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-20968 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/blackbody-radiation-chart-min-300x181.png\" alt=\"Radia\u00e7\u00e3o de corpo negro\" width=\"300\" height=\"181\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/blackbody-radiation-chart-min-300x181.png\" \/><\/a><span>Um\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>corpo negro<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 um corpo f\u00edsico idealizado, com propriedades espec\u00edficas.\u00a0Por defini\u00e7\u00e3o, um corpo negro em equil\u00edbrio t\u00e9rmico tem uma\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>emissividade<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de\u00a0<\/span><strong><em><span>\u03b5<\/span><\/em><span>\u00a0= 1,0<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Objetos reais n\u00e3o irradiam tanto calor quanto um corpo preto perfeito.\u00a0Eles irradiam menos calor que um corpo preto e, portanto, s\u00e3o chamados corpos cinzentos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>A superf\u00edcie de um corpo negro emite radia\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica a uma taxa de aproximadamente 448 watts por metro quadrado em temperatura ambiente (25 \u00b0 C, 298,15 K).\u00a0Objetos reais com emissividades inferiores a 1,0 (por exemplo, fio de cobre) emitem radia\u00e7\u00e3o a taxas correspondentemente mais baixas (por exemplo, 448 x 0,03 = 13,4 W \/ m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0).\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>A emissividade<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0desempenha papel importante nos problemas de transfer\u00eancia de calor.\u00a0Por exemplo, coletores solares de calor incorporam superf\u00edcies seletivas com emissividades muito baixas.\u00a0Esses coletores desperdi\u00e7am muito pouco da energia solar atrav\u00e9s da emiss\u00e3o de radia\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Como a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>absor\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0e a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>emissividade<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est\u00e3o interconectadas pela\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Lei de Kirchhoff da radia\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, um\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>corpo negro<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 um absorvedor perfeito da radia\u00e7\u00e3o eletromagn\u00e9tica.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><em><strong><span>Lei de Kirchhoff da radia\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0:<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><em><span>Para um corpo arbitr\u00e1rio que emite e absorve radia\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica em equil\u00edbrio termodin\u00e2mico, a emissividade \u00e9 igual \u00e0 absor\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>emissividade \u03b5 = absortividade \u03b1<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>Um\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>corpo negro<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0absorve toda a radia\u00e7\u00e3o eletromagn\u00e9tica incidente, independentemente da frequ\u00eancia ou \u00e2ngulo de incid\u00eancia.\u00a0Sua\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>absor\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9, portanto, igual \u00e0 unidade, que tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 o valor mais alto poss\u00edvel.\u00a0Ou seja, um\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>corpo negro<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 um\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>absorvedor perfeito<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(e um\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>emissor perfeito<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Note que a radia\u00e7\u00e3o vis\u00edvel ocupa uma faixa muito estreita do espectro de 0,4 a 0,76 nm, n\u00e3o podemos fazer julgamentos sobre a escurid\u00e3o de uma superf\u00edcie com base em observa\u00e7\u00f5es visuais.\u00a0Por exemplo, considere o papel branco que reflete a luz vis\u00edvel e, portanto, parece branco.\u00a0Por outro lado, \u00e9 essencialmente preto para radia\u00e7\u00e3o infravermelha (capacidade de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>absor\u00e7\u00e3o \u03b1 = 0,94<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0), pois eles absorvem fortemente a radia\u00e7\u00e3o de comprimento de onda longo.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/p>\n<p>Este artigo \u00e9 baseado na tradu\u00e7\u00e3o autom\u00e1tica do artigo original em ingl\u00eas. Para mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es, consulte o artigo em ingl\u00eas. Voc\u00ea pode nos ajudar. Se voc\u00ea deseja corrigir a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o, envie-a para: translations@nuclear-power.com ou preencha o formul\u00e1rio de tradu\u00e7\u00e3o on-line. Agradecemos sua ajuda, atualizaremos a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o o mais r\u00e1pido poss\u00edvel. Obrigado.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A inconsist\u00eancia entre as observa\u00e7\u00f5es e as previs\u00f5es da f\u00edsica cl\u00e1ssica \u00e9 conhecida como cat\u00e1strofe ultravioleta ou cat\u00e1strofe Rayleigh-Jeans.\u00a0Engenharia T\u00e9rmica Cat\u00e1strofe ultravioleta Antes\u00a0da hip\u00f3tese de Planck\u00a0, os\u00a0f\u00edsicos tentavam descrever a radia\u00e7\u00e3o espectral da radia\u00e7\u00e3o eletromagn\u00e9tica pela\u00a0f\u00edsica cl\u00e1ssica\u00a0.\u00a0A aproxima\u00e7\u00e3o baseada na f\u00edsica cl\u00e1ssica \u00e9 conhecida como\u00a0lei de Rayleigh-Jeans\u00a0. Da mesma forma como para a\u00a0lei de Planck\u00a0, &#8230; <a title=\"O que \u00e9 cat\u00e1strofe ultravioleta &#8211; cat\u00e1strofe de Rayleigh-Jeans &#8211; defini\u00e7\u00e3o\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-catastrofe-ultravioleta-catastrofe-de-rayleigh-jeans-definicao\/\" aria-label=\"More on O que \u00e9 cat\u00e1strofe ultravioleta &#8211; cat\u00e1strofe de Rayleigh-Jeans &#8211; defini\u00e7\u00e3o\">Ler mais<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[14],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>O que \u00e9 cat\u00e1strofe ultravioleta - cat\u00e1strofe de Rayleigh-Jeans - defini\u00e7\u00e3o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A inconsist\u00eancia entre as observa\u00e7\u00f5es e as previs\u00f5es da f\u00edsica cl\u00e1ssica \u00e9 conhecida como cat\u00e1strofe ultravioleta ou cat\u00e1strofe Rayleigh-Jeans. 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