{"id":47499,"date":"2019-11-05T05:43:18","date_gmt":"2019-11-05T04:43:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/o-que-e-forca-de-arrasto-equacao-de-arrasto-definicao\/"},"modified":"2020-01-23T14:54:23","modified_gmt":"2020-01-23T13:54:23","slug":"o-que-e-forca-de-arrasto-equacao-de-arrasto-definicao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-forca-de-arrasto-equacao-de-arrasto-definicao\/","title":{"rendered":"O que \u00e9 for\u00e7a de arrasto &#8211; Equa\u00e7\u00e3o de arrasto &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\">\n<div class=\"su-quote-inner su-clearfix\">A equa\u00e7\u00e3o de arrasto \u00e9 uma f\u00f3rmula usada para calcular a for\u00e7a de arrasto experimentada por um objeto devido ao movimento atrav\u00e9s de um fluido.\u00a0For\u00e7a de arrasto &#8211; Equa\u00e7\u00e3o de arrasto<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2>For\u00e7a de arrasto &#8211; Equa\u00e7\u00e3o de arrasto<\/h2>\n<p>A\u00a0<strong>for\u00e7a de arrasto,\u00a0<\/strong><strong>F\u00a0<sub>D<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0, depende da\u00a0<a title=\"O que \u00e9 densidade - F\u00edsica\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-density-physics\/\">densidade<\/a>\u00a0do fluido, a velocidade a montante, e o tamanho, forma e orienta\u00e7\u00e3o do corpo, entre outras coisas.\u00a0Uma maneira de expressar isso \u00e9 por meio da\u00a0<strong>equa\u00e7\u00e3o de arrasto<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0A\u00a0<strong>equa\u00e7\u00e3o de arrasto<\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 uma f\u00f3rmula usada para calcular a\u00a0<strong>for\u00e7a de arrasto<\/strong>\u00a0experimentada por um objeto devido ao movimento atrav\u00e9s de um fluido.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/drag-force-formula.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-20495 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/drag-force-formula.png\" alt=\"for\u00e7a de arrasto - equa\u00e7\u00e3o de arrasto - f\u00f3rmula\" width=\"261\" height=\"257\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/drag-force-formula.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>A \u00e1rea de refer\u00eancia, A, \u00e9 definida como a \u00e1rea da proje\u00e7\u00e3o ortogr\u00e1fica do objeto em um plano perpendicular \u00e0 dire\u00e7\u00e3o do movimento.\u00a0Para objetos ocos, a \u00e1rea de refer\u00eancia pode ser significativamente maior que a \u00e1rea de se\u00e7\u00e3o transversal, mas para objetos n\u00e3o ocos, \u00e9 exatamente o mesmo que uma \u00e1rea de se\u00e7\u00e3o transversal.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2>O que \u00e9 o arrasto na f\u00edsica<\/h2>\n<p>Na\u00a0<a title=\"Din\u00e2mica de Fluidos\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/\">din\u00e2mica de fluidos<\/a>\u00a0, o\u00a0<strong>arrasto<\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 uma for\u00e7a que age oposta ao movimento relativo de qualquer objeto em movimento.\u00a0A for\u00e7a que um fluido que flui exerce sobre um corpo na dire\u00e7\u00e3o do fluxo.\u00a0Ao contr\u00e1rio de outras for\u00e7as resistivas, como o atrito a seco, que \u00e9 quase independente da velocidade,\u00a0<strong>as for\u00e7as de arrasto<\/strong>\u00a0dependem da velocidade.\u00a0<strong>A for\u00e7a de arrasto<\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 proporcional \u00e0 velocidade de um fluxo laminar e a velocidade ao quadrado de um fluxo turbulento.\u00a0<strong>O arrasto<\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 geralmente causado por dois fen\u00f4menos:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20487\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20487\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Drag-skin-friction-and-form-drag.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-20487 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Drag-skin-friction-and-form-drag.png\" alt=\"Arrastar - atrito da pele e arrasto da forma\" width=\"228\" height=\"343\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Drag-skin-friction-and-form-drag.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20487\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Fonte: wikipedia.org Licen\u00e7a: CC BY-SA 3.0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><a title=\"Atrito na pele - Arrasto por fric\u00e7\u00e3o\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/what-is-drag-air-and-fluid-resistance\/skin-friction-friction-drag\/\"><strong>Fric\u00e7\u00e3o da pele<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0Em geral, quando um fluxo de fluido sobre uma<strong>\u00a0superf\u00edcie est\u00e1vel<\/strong>\u00a0, por exemplo, a placa plana, o leito de um rio, ou a parede de um tubo, o fluido de tocar a superf\u00edcie \u00e9 trazido<strong>\u00a0para descanso<\/strong>\u00a0pela<strong>\u00a0tens\u00e3o de corte<\/strong>\u00a0para a parede.\u00a0A regi\u00e3o na qual o fluxo se ajusta da velocidade zero na parede ao m\u00e1ximo na corrente principal do fluxo \u00e9 denominada<a title=\"Camada limite\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-camada-de-limite-definicao\/\"><strong>\u00a0camada limite<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0Portanto, um fluido em movimento exerce for\u00e7as tangenciais de cisalhamento na superf\u00edcie devido \u00e0<strong>\u00a0condi\u00e7\u00e3o de n\u00e3o escorregamento<\/strong>\u00a0causada por efeitos viscosos.\u00a0Esse tipo de<strong>\u00a0for\u00e7a<\/strong>\u00a0de<strong>\u00a0arrasto<\/strong>\u00a0depende principalmente da geometria, da rugosidade da superf\u00edcie s\u00f3lida e do tipo de fluxo de fluido.<\/li>\n<li><a title=\"Arrastar formul\u00e1rio - Arrastar press\u00e3o\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/what-is-drag-air-and-fluid-resistance\/form-drag-pressure-drag\/\"><strong>Arrastar formul\u00e1rio<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0<strong>O arrasto de forma<\/strong>\u00a0conhecido tamb\u00e9m como<strong>\u00a0arrasto de press\u00e3o<\/strong>\u00a0surge devido \u00e0 forma e tamanho do objeto.\u00a0Esse tipo de for\u00e7a de arrasto \u00e9 uma conseq\u00fc\u00eancia interessante<strong><a title=\"Teorema de Bernoulli\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/bernoullis-equation-bernoullis-principle\/bernoullis-theorem\/\">\u00a0do efeito de Bernoulli<\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0<\/strong>De acordo com o princ\u00edpio de Bernoulli, o ar em movimento mais r\u00e1pido exerce menos press\u00e3o.\u00a0Isso faz com que haja uma diferen\u00e7a de press\u00e3o entre as superf\u00edcies do objeto.\u00a0O tamanho e a forma geral do corpo s\u00e3o os fatores mais importantes no<strong>\u00a0arrasto do formul\u00e1rio<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Em geral, corpos com uma se\u00e7\u00e3o transversal geom\u00e9trica apresentada maior ter\u00e3o um arrasto mais alto que corpos mais finos.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ambas as for\u00e7as, em geral, t\u00eam componentes na dire\u00e7\u00e3o do fluxo e, portanto, a\u00a0<strong>for\u00e7a de arrasto<\/strong>\u00a0resultante\u00a0\u00e9 devida aos efeitos combinados das\u00a0for\u00e7as\u00a0de\u00a0<strong>press\u00e3o<\/strong>\u00a0e\u00a0<strong>atrito da pele<\/strong>\u00a0na dire\u00e7\u00e3o do fluxo.<\/p>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<p><span>Quando os coeficientes de atrito e press\u00e3o est\u00e3o dispon\u00edveis, o coeficiente de arrasto total \u00e9 determinado simplesmente adicionando-os:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/skin-friction-form-drag-coefficients.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-20488 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/skin-friction-form-drag-coefficients.png\" alt=\"atrito da pele - arrasto da forma - coeficientes\" width=\"308\" height=\"54\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/skin-friction-form-drag-coefficients.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Em\u00a0<strong><a title=\"N\u00famero de Reynolds\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/reynolds-number\/\">n\u00fameros<\/a><\/strong><\/span><strong><span>\u00a0baixos de\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"N\u00famero de Reynolds\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/reynolds-number\/\"><span>Reynolds<\/span><\/a><\/strong><span>\u00a0, a maior parte do arrasto ocorre devido ao\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>atrito<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Esse \u00e9 especialmente o caso de corpos altamente aerodin\u00e2micos, como aerof\u00f3lios.\u00a0Por outro lado, no\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>alto n\u00famero de Reynolds<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, a\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Perda de Cabe\u00e7a - Perda de Press\u00e3o\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/bernoullis-equation-bernoullis-principle\/head-loss\/\"><span>queda de press\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0\u00e9 significativa, o que aumenta o arrasto do formul\u00e1rio.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Os componentes das for\u00e7as de press\u00e3o e atrito da pele na\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>dire\u00e7\u00e3o normal<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0ao fluxo tendem a mover o corpo nessa dire\u00e7\u00e3o, e sua soma \u00e9 chamada\u00a0<\/span><strong><a title=\"For\u00e7a de eleva\u00e7\u00e3o\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/bernoullis-equation-bernoullis-principle\/lift-force\/\"><span>eleva\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Na aeron\u00e1utica,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>o elevador<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 uma for\u00e7a de a\u00e7\u00e3o ascendente em uma asa ou\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>aerof\u00f3lio da<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0aeronave\u00a0<strong>.\u00a0<\/strong><strong>O princ\u00edpio de Bernoulli<\/strong>\u00a0exige que o aerof\u00f3lio tenha uma\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>forma assim\u00e9trica<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>For\u00e7a de arrasto na engenharia nuclear<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>A an\u00e1lise da\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>for\u00e7a de eleva\u00e7\u00e3o hidr\u00e1ulica<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 uma das an\u00e1lises mais importantes no design de um conjunto de combust\u00edvel e na an\u00e1lise da compatibilidade hidr\u00e1ulica de n\u00facleos mistos.\u00a0As for\u00e7as verticais s\u00e3o induzidas pelo fluxo ascendente de alta velocidade atrav\u00e9s do\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"N\u00facleo do reator\" href=\"https:\/\/www.reactor-physics.com\/what-is-reactor-core-definition\/\"><span>n\u00facleo<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0do\u00a0<a title=\"N\u00facleo do reator\" href=\"https:\/\/www.reactor-physics.com\/what-is-reactor-core-definition\/\">reator<\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0O caminho de fluxo para o fluido de refrigera\u00e7\u00e3o do\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Embarca\u00e7\u00e3o de Press\u00e3o do Reator\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-reactor\/reactor-pressure-vessel\/\"><span>reator<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0atrav\u00e9s do\u00a0<a title=\"Embarca\u00e7\u00e3o de Press\u00e3o do Reator\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-reactor\/reactor-pressure-vessel\/\">vaso<\/a>\u00a0do\u00a0<a title=\"Embarca\u00e7\u00e3o de Press\u00e3o do Reator\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-reactor\/reactor-pressure-vessel\/\">reator<\/a>\u00a0seria:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\n<figure id=\"attachment_14206\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14206\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Continuity-Equation-Flow-Rate-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-14206 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Continuity-Equation-Flow-Rate-min-300x300.png\" alt=\"Equa\u00e7\u00e3o de continuidade - vaz\u00f5es atrav\u00e9s do reator\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Continuity-Equation-Flow-Rate-min-300x300.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-14206\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Exemplo de vaz\u00f5es em um reator.\u00a0\u00c9 um exemplo ilustrativo, os dados n\u00e3o representam nenhum projeto de reator.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span>O l\u00edquido de refrigera\u00e7\u00e3o entra no\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>vaso<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0do\u00a0<strong>reator<\/strong>\u00a0no bico de entrada e bate contra o\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Barril de n\u00facleo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-reactor\/core-barrel\/\"><span>tambor<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0do\u00a0<a title=\"Barril de n\u00facleo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-reactor\/core-barrel\/\">n\u00facleo<\/a>\u00a0.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>O barril de n\u00facleo for\u00e7a a \u00e1gua a fluir para baixo no espa\u00e7o entre a parede do vaso do reator e o\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-reactor\/core-barrel\/\"><span>barril de n\u00facleo<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, esse espa\u00e7o \u00e9 geralmente conhecido como\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>descendente<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>A partir do fundo do vaso de press\u00e3o, o fluxo \u00e9 revertido atrav\u00e9s do n\u00facleo para passar pelos\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-fuel\/\"><span>conjuntos de combust\u00edvel<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, onde a temperatura do l\u00edquido de arrefecimento aumenta \u00e0 medida que passa pelas barras de combust\u00edvel.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Finalmente, o l\u00edquido de arrefecimento do reator mais quente entra na regi\u00e3o interna superior, onde \u00e9 encaminhado pelo bico de sa\u00edda para as pernas quentes do circuito prim\u00e1rio e segue para os\u00a0<\/span><strong><a title=\"Gerador de vapor\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/steam-generator\/\"><span>geradores de vapor<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>Os conjuntos de combust\u00edvel s\u00e3o mantidos pelo\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>conjunto da estrutura da guia superior<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, que define a parte superior do n\u00facleo.\u00a0Este conjunto \u00e9 feito de a\u00e7o inoxid\u00e1vel e tem muitos prop\u00f3sitos.\u00a0O conjunto da estrutura da guia superior exerce uma\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>for\u00e7a axial<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0nos conjuntos de combust\u00edvel (atrav\u00e9s de molas no bico superior), define assim a posi\u00e7\u00e3o exata do conjunto de combust\u00edvel no n\u00facleo.\u00a0O\u00a0flange de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>montagem da estrutura da guia superior<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 mantido no lugar e pr\u00e9-carregado pelo flange da cabe\u00e7a de fechamento do RPV.\u00a0O conjunto da estrutura da guia superior tamb\u00e9m orienta e protege\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Hastes de controle\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/control-rods\/\"><span>os<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0conjuntos da\u00a0<a title=\"Hastes de controle\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/control-rods\/\">haste de controle<\/a>\u00a0e a instrumenta\u00e7\u00e3o interna.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>A for\u00e7a descendente necess\u00e1ria do\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>conjunto da estrutura da guia superior<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0nos\u00a0<strong>conjuntos<\/strong>\u00a0de combust\u00edvel deve ser calculada com muito cuidado.\u00a0A for\u00e7a descendente insuficiente pode resultar na\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>eleva\u00e7\u00e3o do conjunto de combust\u00edvel<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0; por outro lado, uma for\u00e7a descendente excessiva pode resultar em\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>curvatura do conjunto de combust\u00edvel<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, o que tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 inaceit\u00e1vel.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Exemplo: For\u00e7a de arrasto &#8211; Coeficiente de arrasto &#8211; Pacote de combust\u00edvel<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Hydraulic-Diameter-Fuel-Channel.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-20407 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Hydraulic-Diameter-Fuel-Channel-254x300.png\" alt=\"Di\u00e2metro hidr\u00e1ulico - canal de combust\u00edvel\" width=\"254\" height=\"300\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Hydraulic-Diameter-Fuel-Channel-254x300.png\" \/><\/a><span>Calcule o\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>atrito<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de uma\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u00fanica barra de combust\u00edvel<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00a0dentro de um n\u00facleo do reator em opera\u00e7\u00e3o normal (taxa de fluxo de projeto).\u00a0Suponha que essa barra de combust\u00edvel fa\u00e7a parte de um pacote de combust\u00edvel com a estrutura retangular de combust\u00edvel e esse pacote de combust\u00edvel n\u00e3o contenha grades de espa\u00e7amento.\u00a0Sua altura \u00e9\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>h = 4m<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0e a velocidade de fluxo do n\u00facleo \u00e9 constante e igual a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>V\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>core<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0= 5 m \/ s.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>Assuma isso:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>o di\u00e2metro externo do revestimento \u00e9:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>d = 2 xr\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>Zr, 1<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0= 9,3 mm<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>o passo dos pinos de combust\u00edvel \u00e9:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>p = 13 mm<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>a\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Rugosidade relativa do tubo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/major-head-loss-friction-loss\/relative-roughness-of-pipe\/\"><span>rugosidade relativa<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0\u00e9\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u03b5 \/ D = 5 \u00d7 10\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sup><span>-4<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>a\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-density-physics\/\"><span>densidade<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0do fluido\u00a0\u00e9:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u03c1 = 714 kg \/ m\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>a velocidade de fluxo do n\u00facleo \u00e9 constante e igual a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>V\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>core<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0= 5 m \/ s<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>a\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"O que \u00e9 temperatura - F\u00edsica\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-temperatura-fisica-definicao\/\"><span>temperatura<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0m\u00e9dia\u00a0do l\u00edquido de refrigera\u00e7\u00e3o do reator \u00e9:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>T a\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>granel<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0= 296 \u00b0 C<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>C\u00e1lculo do n\u00famero de Reynolds<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Para calcular o\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"N\u00famero de Reynolds\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/reynolds-number\/\"><span>n\u00famero de Reynolds<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, precisamos saber:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>o di\u00e2metro externo do revestimento \u00e9:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>d = 2 xr\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>Zr, 1<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0= 9,3 mm<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(para calcular o di\u00e2metro hidr\u00e1ulico)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>o passo dos pinos de combust\u00edvel \u00e9:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>p = 13 mm<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00a0(para calcular o di\u00e2metro hidr\u00e1ulico)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>a viscosidade din\u00e2mica da \u00e1gua saturada a 300 \u00b0 C \u00e9:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u03bc = 0,0000859 Ns \/ m\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>a densidade do fluido \u00e9:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u03c1 = 714 kg \/ m\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span>O di\u00e2metro hidr\u00e1ulico, D\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>h<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><span>\u00a0, \u00e9 um termo comumente usado ao manipular o fluxo em\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>tubos e canais n\u00e3o circulares<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0O\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>di\u00e2metro hidr\u00e1ulico do canal de combust\u00edvel<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span><em><span>D\u00a0<\/span><\/em><em><sub><span>h<\/span><\/sub><\/em><span>\u00a0, \u00e9 igual a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>13,85 mm<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Veja tamb\u00e9m:\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/internal-flow\/hydraulic-diameter-2\/\"><span>Di\u00e2metro hidr\u00e1ulico<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>O\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>n\u00famero de Reynolds<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0dentro do canal de combust\u00edvel \u00e9 ent\u00e3o igual a:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/reynolds-number-example.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-20412 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/reynolds-number-example.png\" alt=\"n\u00famero de reynolds - exemplo\" width=\"593\" height=\"78\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/reynolds-number-example.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Isso satisfaz plenamente as\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-fluxo-turbulento-definicao\/\"><strong><span>condi\u00e7\u00f5es turbulentas<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>C\u00e1lculo do coeficiente de atrito da pele<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong><span>O fator de atrito<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0para escoamento turbulento depende fortemente da\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>rugosidade relativa.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00c9 determinado pela equa\u00e7\u00e3o de Colebrook ou pode ser determinado usando o\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Moody Diagram\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/major-head-loss-friction-loss\/moody-diagram\/\"><strong><span>gr\u00e1fico Moody<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0.\u00a0O\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>gr\u00e1fico Moody<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0para\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Re = 575 600<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0e\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u03b5 \/ D = 5 x 10\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sup><span>-4<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><span>\u00a0retorna os seguintes valores:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>o\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Fator de atrito de Darcy\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-o-fator-de-atrito-de-darcy-definicao\/\"><strong><span>fator de atrito de Darcy<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0\u00e9 igual a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>f\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>D<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0= 0,017<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>o\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Fator de Fric\u00e7\u00e3o\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/major-head-loss-friction-loss\/fanning-friction-factor\/\"><strong><span>fator de atrito de Fanning<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0\u00e9 igual a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>f\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>F<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0= f\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>D<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0\/ 4 = 0,00425<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>Portanto, o coeficiente de atrito da pele \u00e9 igual a:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/skin-friction-coefficient-example.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-20533 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/skin-friction-coefficient-example.png\" alt=\"coeficiente de atrito da pele - exemplo\" width=\"377\" height=\"186\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/skin-friction-coefficient-example.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>C\u00e1lculo da for\u00e7a de arrasto<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Para calcular a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>for\u00e7a de arrasto<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, precisamos saber:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>o coeficiente de atrito da pele, que \u00e9:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>C\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>D, atrito<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0= 0,00425<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>a \u00e1rea da superf\u00edcie do pino, que \u00e9:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>A = \u03c0.dh = 0,11169 m\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>a\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-density-physics\/\"><span>densidade<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0do fluido\u00a0, que \u00e9:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u03c1 = 714 kg \/ m\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>a velocidade de fluxo do n\u00facleo, que \u00e9 constante e igual a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>V\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>core<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><strong><span>\u00a0= 5 m \/ s<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>A partir do\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>coeficiente de atrito<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0da\u00a0<strong>pele,<\/strong>\u00a0que \u00e9 igual ao\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/major-head-loss-friction-loss\/fanning-friction-factor\/\"><strong><span>fator de atrito de Fanning<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0, podemos calcular o componente de atrito da\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>for\u00e7a de arrasto.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span>A for\u00e7a de arrasto \u00e9 dada por:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/drag-force-example.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-20534 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/drag-force-example.png\" alt=\"for\u00e7a de arrasto - exemplo\" width=\"452\" height=\"72\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/drag-force-example.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Supondo que um conjunto de combust\u00edvel possa ter, por exemplo, 289 pinos de combust\u00edvel (conjunto de combust\u00edvel 17 \u00d7 17), o\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>componente<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de\u00a0<strong>atrito<\/strong>\u00a0da\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>for\u00e7a de arrasto<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 da ordem de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>quilonewtons<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Al\u00e9m disso, essa for\u00e7a de arrasto se origina puramente do atrito da pele no pacote de combust\u00edvel.\u00a0Mas o conjunto t\u00edpico de combust\u00edvel PWR cont\u00e9m outros componentes, que influenciam o sistema hidr\u00e1ulico do conjunto:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>Barras de combust\u00edvel<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0As barras de combust\u00edvel cont\u00eam o combust\u00edvel e os venenos queimados.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Bico superior<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Fornece o suporte mec\u00e2nico para a estrutura de montagem de combust\u00edvel.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Bico inferior<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Fornece o suporte mec\u00e2nico para a estrutura de montagem de combust\u00edvel.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Grade de espa\u00e7amento<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Garante uma orienta\u00e7\u00e3o exata das barras de combust\u00edvel.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Guie o tubo do dedal<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Tubo vago para hastes de controle ou instrumenta\u00e7\u00e3o interna.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>Como foi escrito, o segundo componente da for\u00e7a de arrasto \u00e9 o arrasto do formul\u00e1rio.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>O arrasto de forma<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0conhecido tamb\u00e9m como\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>arrasto de press\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0surge devido \u00e0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>forma<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0e\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>tamanho<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0do objeto.\u00a0O\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>arrasto de press\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 proporcional \u00e0 diferen\u00e7a entre as press\u00f5es que atuam na frente e nas costas do corpo imerso e a \u00e1rea frontal.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/p>\n<p>Este artigo \u00e9 baseado na tradu\u00e7\u00e3o autom\u00e1tica do artigo original em ingl\u00eas. Para mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es, consulte o artigo em ingl\u00eas. Voc\u00ea pode nos ajudar. Se voc\u00ea deseja corrigir a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o, envie-a para: translations@nuclear-power.com ou preencha o formul\u00e1rio de tradu\u00e7\u00e3o on-line. Agradecemos sua ajuda, atualizaremos a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o o mais r\u00e1pido poss\u00edvel. Obrigado.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A equa\u00e7\u00e3o de arrasto \u00e9 uma f\u00f3rmula usada para calcular a for\u00e7a de arrasto experimentada por um objeto devido ao movimento atrav\u00e9s de um fluido.\u00a0For\u00e7a de arrasto &#8211; Equa\u00e7\u00e3o de arrasto For\u00e7a de arrasto &#8211; Equa\u00e7\u00e3o de arrasto A\u00a0for\u00e7a de arrasto,\u00a0F\u00a0D\u00a0, depende da\u00a0densidade\u00a0do fluido, a velocidade a montante, e o tamanho, forma e orienta\u00e7\u00e3o do &#8230; <a title=\"O que \u00e9 for\u00e7a de arrasto &#8211; Equa\u00e7\u00e3o de arrasto &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-forca-de-arrasto-equacao-de-arrasto-definicao\/\" aria-label=\"More on O que \u00e9 for\u00e7a de arrasto &#8211; Equa\u00e7\u00e3o de arrasto &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o\">Ler mais<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[14],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>O que \u00e9 for\u00e7a de arrasto - Equa\u00e7\u00e3o de arrasto - Defini\u00e7\u00e3o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A equa\u00e7\u00e3o de arrasto \u00e9 uma f\u00f3rmula usada para calcular a for\u00e7a de arrasto experimentada por um objeto devido ao movimento atrav\u00e9s de um fluido. 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