{"id":47583,"date":"2019-11-05T12:47:03","date_gmt":"2019-11-05T11:47:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/o-que-e-conveccao-versus-conducao-definicao\/"},"modified":"2020-01-24T10:39:01","modified_gmt":"2020-01-24T09:39:01","slug":"o-que-e-conveccao-versus-conducao-definicao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-conveccao-versus-conducao-definicao\/","title":{"rendered":"O que \u00e9 convec\u00e7\u00e3o versus condu\u00e7\u00e3o – defini\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"
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A condu\u00e7\u00e3o e a convec\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o semelhantes, pois ambos os mecanismos requerem a presen\u00e7a de um meio material (em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com a radia\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica).\u00a0Convec\u00e7\u00e3o vs Condu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Convec\u00e7\u00e3o vs Condu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\n

\"Transfer\u00eancia<\/a><\/p>\n

Convec\u00e7\u00e3o vs Condu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/p>\n

Na\u00a0condu\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0, a\u00a0energia<\/a>\u00a0\u00e9 transferida como\u00a0calor<\/a>\u00a0, devido \u00e0\u00a0migra\u00e7\u00e3o de el\u00e9trons livres<\/strong>\u00a0ou\u00a0ondas vibracionais em treli\u00e7a (\u00a0f\u00f4nons<\/a>\u00a0).\u00a0<\/strong>N\u00e3o h\u00e1 movimento de massa na dire\u00e7\u00e3o do fluxo de energia.\u00a0A transfer\u00eancia de calor<\/a>\u00a0por\u00a0condu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>\u00a0depende da \u201cfor\u00e7a\u201d motriz da\u00a0diferen\u00e7a<\/strong>\u00a0de\u00a0temperatura.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Em geral, a\u00a0\u00a0convec\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0\u00e9 a\u00a0\u00a0transfer\u00eancia de massa<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0ou a\u00a0\u00a0transfer\u00eancia de calor<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0devido ao\u00a0\u00a0movimento em massa<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0de mol\u00e9culas dentro de fluidos, como gases e l\u00edquidos.<\/p>\n

A condu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>\u00a0e a\u00a0convec\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>\u00a0s\u00e3o semelhantes, pois ambos os mecanismos requerem a presen\u00e7a de um meio material (em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com a radia\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica).\u00a0Por outro lado, eles s\u00e3o diferentes, pois a convec\u00e7\u00e3o requer a presen\u00e7a de movimento fluido.<\/p>\n

Deve-se enfatizar que\u00a0, na superf\u00edcie,<\/strong>\u00a0o fluxo de energia ocorre\u00a0\u00a0puramente por condu\u00e7\u00e3o,<\/strong>\u00a0mesmo em condu\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0Isso ocorre porque sempre h\u00e1 uma\u00a0fina camada de filme estagnado\u00a0na superf\u00edcie da transfer\u00eancia de calor.\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0Por\u00e9m, nas pr\u00f3ximas camadas, ocorrem movimentos de condu\u00e7\u00e3o e difus\u00e3o-massa no n\u00edvel molecular ou no n\u00edvel macrosc\u00f3pico.\u00a0Devido ao movimento de massa, a taxa de transfer\u00eancia de energia \u00e9 maior.\u00a0Quanto maior a taxa de movimento de massa, mais fina ser\u00e1 a camada de filme fluido estagnado e maior ser\u00e1 a taxa de fluxo de calor.<\/p>\n

Deve-se notar que a\u00a0ebuli\u00e7\u00e3o nucleada<\/strong>\u00a0na superf\u00edcie interrompe efetivamente essa camada estagnada e, portanto, a ebuli\u00e7\u00e3o nucleada aumenta significativamente a capacidade de uma superf\u00edcie de transferir energia t\u00e9rmica para o fluido a granel.<\/p>\n

Como foi escrito, a transfer\u00eancia de calor atrav\u00e9s de um fluido \u00e9 por convec\u00e7\u00e3o na presen\u00e7a de movimento de massa e por condu\u00e7\u00e3o na aus\u00eancia dele.\u00a0Portanto, a condu\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica em um fluido pode ser vista como o caso limitador de convec\u00e7\u00e3o, correspondendo ao caso de fluido inativo.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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<\/div>\n

Convec\u00e7\u00e3o como Condu\u00e7\u00e3o com Movimento Fluido<\/h2>\n

Alguns especialistas n\u00e3o consideram a convec\u00e7\u00e3o um mecanismo fundamental de transfer\u00eancia de calor, uma vez que \u00e9 essencialmente a condu\u00e7\u00e3o de calor na presen\u00e7a de movimento de fluidos.\u00a0Eles consideram que este \u00e9 um\u00a0caso especial de condu\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica<\/strong>\u00a0, conhecido como ”\u00a0condu\u00e7\u00e3o com movimento de fluido<\/strong>\u00a0“.\u00a0Por outro lado, \u00e9\u00a0pr\u00e1tico<\/strong> reconhecer a convec\u00e7\u00e3o como um mecanismo separado de transfer\u00eancia de calor, apesar dos argumentos v\u00e1lidos em contr\u00e1rio.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

 <\/p>\n

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O que \u00e9 condu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/h2>\n

A condu\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica<\/span><\/strong><\/a>\u00a0, tamb\u00e9m chamada de\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0condu\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, ocorre dentro de um corpo ou entre dois\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0corpos em contato<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0sem o envolvimento do fluxo de massa e da mistura.\u00a0\u00c9 a troca microsc\u00f3pica direta da\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0energia cin\u00e9tica<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0das part\u00edculas atrav\u00e9s da fronteira entre dois sistemas.\u00a0<\/span>A transfer\u00eancia de calor<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0por\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0condu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0depende da \u201cfor\u00e7a\u201d motriz da<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0diferen\u00e7a<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0de\u00a0temperatura<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0e da\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0condutividade t\u00e9rmica<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0(ou da resist\u00eancia \u00e0 transfer\u00eancia de calor).\u00a0A condutividade t\u00e9rmica depende da natureza e das dimens\u00f5es do meio de transfer\u00eancia de calor.\u00a0Todos os problemas de transfer\u00eancia de calor envolvem a\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0diferen\u00e7a de temperatura<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, a\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0geometria<\/span><\/strong>e as\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>propriedades f\u00edsicas<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0do objeto que est\u00e1 sendo estudado.\u00a0Em problemas de transfer\u00eancia de calor por condu\u00e7\u00e3o, o objeto em estudo geralmente \u00e9 s\u00f3lido.<\/span><\/p>\n

Microscopicamente, esse modo de transfer\u00eancia de energia \u00e9 atribu\u00eddo ao\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>fluxo livre de el\u00e9trons<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0dos n\u00edveis de energia mais alto para o mais baixo,\u00a0<\/span>\u00a0vibra\u00e7\u00e3o da rede<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0e\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>colis\u00e3o molecular<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Considere um\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>bloco de pedra<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0em alta temperatura, que consiste em \u00e1tomos que oscilam intensamente em torno de suas posi\u00e7\u00f5es m\u00e9dias.\u00a0<\/span>A baixas temperaturas<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, os \u00e1tomos continuam a oscilar, mas com\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>menos intensidade<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Se um bloco de pedra mais quente \u00e9 colocado em contato com um bloco mais frio, os \u00e1tomos intensamente oscilantes na borda do bloco mais quente emitem sua energia cin\u00e9tica para os \u00e1tomos menos oscilantes na borda do bloco frio.\u00a0Nesse caso, h\u00e1\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>transfer\u00eancia de energia<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0entre esses dois blocos e\u00a0<\/span>o calor<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0flui<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0do bloco mais quente para o mais frio por essas vibra\u00e7\u00f5es aleat\u00f3rias.\u00a0A vis\u00e3o moderna \u00e9 atribuir a transfer\u00eancia de energia a ondas reticuladas induzidas pelo movimento at\u00f4mico.\u00a0Nos isoladores el\u00e9tricos, a transfer\u00eancia de energia \u00e9 exclusivamente atrav\u00e9s dessas ondas de treli\u00e7a.\u00a0Em um condutor, isso tamb\u00e9m se deve ao movimento de transla\u00e7\u00e3o dos el\u00e9trons livres.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Lei de Fourier de condu\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica<\/span><\/h2>\n

Os<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0processos de\u00a0transfer\u00eancia de calor<\/strong>\u00a0podem ser quantificados em termos de equa\u00e7\u00f5es de taxa apropriadas.\u00a0A equa\u00e7\u00e3o da taxa neste modo de transfer\u00eancia de calor \u00e9 baseada na\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>lei de condu\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica de Fourier<\/span><\/strong><\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0Esta lei estabelece que a\u00a0<\/span>taxa de<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0tempo\u00a0\u00a0de transfer\u00eancia de calor<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0atrav\u00e9s de um material \u00e9\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>proporcional ao\u00a0<\/span><\/strong>gradiente<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0negativo\u00a0\u00a0na temperatura<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0e \u00e0 \u00e1rea, perpendicularmente \u00e0quele gradiente, atrav\u00e9s do qual o calor flui.\u00a0Sua forma diferencial \u00e9:<\/span><\/p>\n

\"Lei<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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O que \u00e9 convec\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/h2>\n

Em geral, a\u00a0<\/span>convec\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 a\u00a0<\/span>transfer\u00eancia de massa<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0ou a\u00a0<\/span>transfer\u00eancia de calor<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0devido ao\u00a0<\/span>movimento em massa<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0de mol\u00e9culas dentro de fluidos, como gases e l\u00edquidos.\u00a0Embora l\u00edquidos e gases geralmente n\u00e3o sejam bons condutores de calor, eles podem transferir calor rapidamente\u00a0<\/span>por convec\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

A convec\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0ocorre atrav\u00e9s de\u00a0<\/span>advec\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span>difus\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0ou ambos.\u00a0A convec\u00e7\u00e3o n\u00e3o pode ocorrer na maioria dos s\u00f3lidos, porque nem a difus\u00e3o significativa da mat\u00e9ria nem os fluxos de corrente a granel podem ocorrer.\u00a0A difus\u00e3o do calor ocorre em s\u00f3lidos r\u00edgidos, mas isso \u00e9 chamado\u00a0<\/span>de condu\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica<\/span><\/a>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

O processo de transfer\u00eancia de calor entre uma superf\u00edcie e um fluido que flui em contato com ela \u00e9 chamado de\u00a0<\/span>transfer\u00eancia de calor por convec\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Na engenharia, a transfer\u00eancia de calor por convec\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 um dos principais mecanismos de\u00a0<\/span>transfer\u00eancia<\/span><\/strong><\/a>\u00a0de\u00a0calor<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0Quando o calor \u00e9 transferido de um fluido para outro atrav\u00e9s de uma barreira, a convec\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 envolvida em ambos os lados da barreira.\u00a0Na maioria dos casos, a principal\u00a0<\/span>resist\u00eancia<\/span><\/a>\u00a0ao fluxo de calor \u00e9 por convec\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0<\/span>A transfer\u00eancia de calor por convec\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0ocorre tanto por difus\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica (o movimento aleat\u00f3rio das mol\u00e9culas de fluido) quanto por advec\u00e7\u00e3o, na qual a mat\u00e9ria ou o calor \u00e9 transportado pelo movimento em larga escala das correntes no fluido.<\/span><\/p>\n

A transfer\u00eancia de calor por\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>convec\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00e9 mais dif\u00edcil de analisar do que a transfer\u00eancia de calor por\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>condu\u00e7\u00e3o,<\/span><\/a>\u00a0\u00a0porque nenhuma propriedade \u00fanica do meio de transfer\u00eancia de calor, como\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>a condutividade t\u00e9rmica<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, pode ser definida para descrever o mecanismo.\u00a0<\/span>A transfer\u00eancia de calor por convec\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00e9 complicada pelo fato de envolver\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>movimento de fluidos e condu\u00e7\u00e3o de calor<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0A transfer\u00eancia de calor por convec\u00e7\u00e3o varia de situa\u00e7\u00e3o para situa\u00e7\u00e3o (de acordo com as condi\u00e7\u00f5es de fluxo do fluido), e \u00e9 freq\u00fcentemente acoplada ao\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>modo de fluxo do fluido<\/span><\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0Na convec\u00e7\u00e3o for\u00e7ada, a taxa de transfer\u00eancia de calor atrav\u00e9s de um fluido \u00e9 muito maior por convec\u00e7\u00e3o do que por condu\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n

<\/div>\n

Lei de Newton de resfriamento<\/span><\/h2>\n

Apesar da complexidade da\u00a0<\/span>convec\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, a taxa de transfer\u00eancia de calor por convec\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 observada\u00a0<\/span>proporcional<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u00e0\u00a0<\/span>diferen\u00e7a de temperatura<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0e \u00e9 convenientemente expressa pela\u00a0<\/span>lei do resfriamento de Newton<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, que afirma que:<\/span><\/p>\n

A taxa de perda de calor de um corpo \u00e9 diretamente proporcional \u00e0 diferen\u00e7a de temperatura entre o corpo e seus arredores, desde que a diferen\u00e7a de temperatura seja pequena e a natureza da superf\u00edcie radiante permane\u00e7a a mesma.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\"lei<\/a><\/p>\n

Observe que\u00a0<\/span>\u0394T<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 dado pela\u00a0<\/span>temperatura<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0da superf\u00edcie ou da\u00a0parede<\/strong>\u00a0,\u00a0parede<\/sub><\/strong><\/span>\u00a0T<\/span>\u00a0<\/strong>e\u00a0<\/span>temperatura<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0do\u00a0volume<\/strong>\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span>T\u00a0<\/span>\u221e<\/span><\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0, que \u00e9 a temperatura do fluido suficientemente longe da superf\u00edcie.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Exemplo – Convec\u00e7\u00e3o x Condu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/h2>\n

\"Convec\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….<\/p>\n

Este artigo \u00e9 baseado na tradu\u00e7\u00e3o autom\u00e1tica do artigo original em ingl\u00eas. Para mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es, consulte o artigo em ingl\u00eas. Voc\u00ea pode nos ajudar. Se voc\u00ea deseja corrigir a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o, envie-a para: translations@nuclear-power.com ou preencha o formul\u00e1rio de tradu\u00e7\u00e3o on-line. Agradecemos sua ajuda, atualizaremos a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o o mais r\u00e1pido poss\u00edvel. Obrigado.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A condu\u00e7\u00e3o e a convec\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o semelhantes, pois ambos os mecanismos requerem a presen\u00e7a de um meio material (em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com a radia\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica).\u00a0Convec\u00e7\u00e3o vs Condu\u00e7\u00e3o Convec\u00e7\u00e3o vs Condu\u00e7\u00e3o Convec\u00e7\u00e3o vs Condu\u00e7\u00e3o Na\u00a0condu\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica\u00a0, a\u00a0energia\u00a0\u00e9 transferida como\u00a0calor\u00a0, devido \u00e0\u00a0migra\u00e7\u00e3o de el\u00e9trons livres\u00a0ou\u00a0ondas vibracionais em treli\u00e7a (\u00a0f\u00f4nons\u00a0).\u00a0N\u00e3o h\u00e1 movimento de massa na dire\u00e7\u00e3o do fluxo de … Ler mais<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[14],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nO que \u00e9 convec\u00e7\u00e3o versus condu\u00e7\u00e3o - defini\u00e7\u00e3o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A condu\u00e7\u00e3o e a convec\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o semelhantes, pois ambos os mecanismos requerem a presen\u00e7a de um meio material (em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com a radia\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica). 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