{"id":47871,"date":"2019-11-07T02:53:11","date_gmt":"2019-11-07T01:53:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/o-que-e-pressao-da-caldeira-e-do-condensador-ciclo-rankine-definicao\/"},"modified":"2020-01-25T09:54:07","modified_gmt":"2020-01-25T08:54:07","slug":"o-que-e-pressao-da-caldeira-e-do-condensador-ciclo-rankine-definicao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-pressao-da-caldeira-e-do-condensador-ciclo-rankine-definicao\/","title":{"rendered":"O que \u00e9 press\u00e3o da caldeira e do condensador &#8211; Ciclo Rankine &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\">\n<div class=\"su-quote-inner su-clearfix\">Press\u00f5es de caldeira e condensador.\u00a0A efici\u00eancia t\u00e9rmica da turbina a vapor tende a aumentar \u00e0 medida que a press\u00e3o m\u00e9dia do vapor aumenta e \/ ou a press\u00e3o do condensador diminui.\u00a0Engenharia T\u00e9rmica<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2>Melhoria da efici\u00eancia t\u00e9rmica &#8211; Ciclo Rankine<\/h2>\n<p>Existem v\u00e1rios m\u00e9todos, como pode ser melhorada a efici\u00eancia t\u00e9rmica do ciclo Rankine.\u00a0Assumindo que a temperatura m\u00e1xima seja limitada pela press\u00e3o dentro do vaso de press\u00e3o do reator, esses m\u00e9todos s\u00e3o:<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Press\u00f5es de caldeira e condensador<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Como no\u00a0<a title=\"Brayton Cycle \u2013 Gas Turbine Engine\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-o-ciclo-de-brayton-motor-de-turbina-a-gas-definicao\/\">ciclo de\u00a0<\/a><\/span><a title=\"Ciclo de Carnot - Motor t\u00e9rmico de Carnot\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-o-ciclo-de-carnot-carnot-heat-engine-definicao\/\"><span>Carnot<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Ciclo Otto - Otto Engine\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-o-ciclo-otto-otto-engine-definicao\/\"><span>Otto<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0e\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Ciclo de Brayton - Motor de turbina a g\u00e1s\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-o-ciclo-de-brayton-motor-de-turbina-a-gas-definicao\/\"><span>Brayton<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, a efici\u00eancia t\u00e9rmica tende a aumentar \u00e0 medida que a temperatura m\u00e9dia na qual a energia \u00e9 adicionada pela transfer\u00eancia de calor aumenta e \/ ou a temperatura m\u00e9dia na qual a energia \u00e9 rejeitada diminui.\u00a0Essa \u00e9 a caracter\u00edstica comum de todos os ciclos termodin\u00e2micos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Press\u00e3o do condensador<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_17767\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-17767\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Rankine-Cycle-condenser-pressure-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-17767 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Rankine-Cycle-condenser-pressure-min-300x300.png\" alt=\"Ciclo Rankine - press\u00e3o do condensador\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Rankine-Cycle-condenser-pressure-min-300x300.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-17767\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Diminuir a press\u00e3o de escape da turbina aumenta o trabalho l\u00edquido por ciclo, mas tamb\u00e9m diminui a qualidade do vapor de sa\u00edda.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span>O caso da diminui\u00e7\u00e3o da temperatura m\u00e9dia na qual a energia \u00e9 rejeitada exige uma diminui\u00e7\u00e3o da press\u00e3o no interior do\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>condensador<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(isto \u00e9, a diminui\u00e7\u00e3o da\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Satura\u00e7\u00e3o - Ponto de Ebuli\u00e7\u00e3o\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-saturacao-ponto-de-ebulicao-definicao\/\"><span>temperatura de satura\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0).\u00a0A menor press\u00e3o vi\u00e1vel do condensador \u00e9 a press\u00e3o de satura\u00e7\u00e3o correspondente \u00e0 temperatura ambiente (ou seja, press\u00e3o absoluta de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>0,008 MPa,<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0que corresponde a 41,5 \u00b0 C).\u00a0O objetivo de manter a menor press\u00e3o pr\u00e1tica de exaust\u00e3o da turbina \u00e9 a principal raz\u00e3o para incluir o condensador em uma usina termel\u00e9trica.\u00a0O condensador fornece um v\u00e1cuo que maximiza a energia extra\u00edda do vapor, resultando em um aumento significativo no trabalho l\u00edquido e na efici\u00eancia t\u00e9rmica.\u00a0Mas tamb\u00e9m este par\u00e2metro (press\u00e3o do condensador) tem seus limites de engenharia:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>Diminuir a press\u00e3o de exaust\u00e3o da turbina diminui a qualidade do vapor (ou fra\u00e7\u00e3o de secura).\u00a0Em algum momento, a expans\u00e3o deve ser encerrada para evitar danos que podem ser causados \u200b\u200b\u00e0s p\u00e1s da turbina a vapor por vapor de\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-nuclear-engineering\/properties-steam-what-is-steam\/vapor-quality-dryness-fraction\/\"><span>baixa qualidade<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Diminuir a press\u00e3o de exaust\u00e3o da turbina aumenta significativamente o volume espec\u00edfico de vapor exaurido, o que requer grandes l\u00e2minas nas \u00faltimas fileiras do est\u00e1gio de baixa press\u00e3o da turbina a vapor.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>Em turbinas a vapor \u00famidas t\u00edpicas, o vapor exaurido condensa no condensador e est\u00e1 a uma press\u00e3o bem abaixo da atmosf\u00e9rica (press\u00e3o absoluta de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>0,008 MPa,<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0que corresponde a 41,5 \u00b0 C).\u00a0Este vapor est\u00e1 em um estado parcialmente condensado (ponto F), normalmente com uma qualidade pr\u00f3xima a 90%.\u00a0Observe que sempre h\u00e1 uma diferen\u00e7a de temperatura entre (em torno de \u0394T = 14 \u00b0 C) a temperatura do condensador e a temperatura ambiente, que se origina do tamanho finito e da efici\u00eancia dos condensadores.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_17811\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-17811\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Condenser-steam-parameters.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17811 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Condenser-steam-parameters.png\" alt=\"Par\u00e2metros t\u00edpicos em um condensador de turbinas de condensa\u00e7\u00e3o\" width=\"1065\" height=\"347\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Condenser-steam-parameters.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-17811\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Par\u00e2metros t\u00edpicos em um condensador de turbinas de condensa\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong><span>Press\u00e3o da caldeira<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_17768\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-17768\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Rankine-Cycle-boiler-pressure-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-17768 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Rankine-Cycle-boiler-pressure-min-300x300.png\" alt=\"Ciclo Rankine - press\u00e3o da caldeira\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Rankine-Cycle-boiler-pressure-min-300x300.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-17768\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Um aumento na press\u00e3o da caldeira \u00e9, no resultado, limitado pelo material do vaso de press\u00e3o do reator.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span>O caso do aumento da temperatura m\u00e9dia na qual a energia \u00e9 adicionada por transfer\u00eancia de calor requer um superaquecimento do vapor produzido ou um aumento da press\u00e3o na caldeira (gerador de vapor).\u00a0O superaquecimento n\u00e3o \u00e9 t\u00edpico para usinas nucleares.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Normalmente, a maioria das\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>usinas nucleares<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0opera\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>turbinas a vapor de condensa\u00e7\u00e3o de v\u00e1rios est\u00e1gios<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Nessas turbinas, o est\u00e1gio de alta press\u00e3o recebe\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-o-steam-propriedades-do-steam-definicao\/\"><span>vapor<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0(esse vapor \u00e9 vapor quase saturado &#8211; x = 0,995 &#8211; ponto C na figura;\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>6 MPa<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0; 275,6 \u00b0 C).\u00a0Como nem o gerador de vapor \u00e9 100% eficiente, sempre h\u00e1 uma diferen\u00e7a de temperatura entre a temperatura de satura\u00e7\u00e3o (lado secund\u00e1rio) e a temperatura do l\u00edquido de arrefecimento prim\u00e1rio.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_17812\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-17812\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Temperature-gradients-typical-PWR-steam-generator.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-17812 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Temperature-gradients-typical-PWR-steam-generator-300x212.png\" alt=\"Gerador de vapor - trocador de calor de contrafluxo\" width=\"300\" height=\"212\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Temperature-gradients-typical-PWR-steam-generator-300x212.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-17812\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Gradientes de temperatura no gerador de vapor PWR t\u00edpico.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span>Em um reator de \u00e1gua pressurizada t\u00edpico, o l\u00edquido de arrefecimento prim\u00e1rio quente (\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u00e1gua 330 \u00b0 C; 626 \u00b0 F<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0) \u00e9 bombeado para\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>o gerador de vapor<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0atrav\u00e9s da entrada prim\u00e1ria.\u00a0Isso requer manuten\u00e7\u00e3o de press\u00f5es muito altas para manter a \u00e1gua no estado l\u00edquido.\u00a0Para impedir a ebuli\u00e7\u00e3o do l\u00edquido de arrefecimento prim\u00e1rio e fornecer uma margem de sub-resfriamento (a diferen\u00e7a entre a temperatura do pressurizador e a temperatura mais alta no n\u00facleo do reator), press\u00f5es em torno de 16 MPa s\u00e3o t\u00edpicas para PWRs\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span>O\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Embarca\u00e7\u00e3o de Press\u00e3o do Reator\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/nuclear-reactor\/reactor-pressure-vessel\/\"><span>vaso de press\u00e3o do reator<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0\u00e9 o componente principal, que limita a efici\u00eancia t\u00e9rmica de cada usina nuclear, uma vez que o vaso do reator deve suportar altas press\u00f5es.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_17813\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-17813\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Steam-Generator-steam-parameters.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-17813 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Steam-Generator-steam-parameters.png\" alt=\"Par\u00e2metros t\u00edpicos na entrada de turbinas de condensa\u00e7\u00e3o de PWRs. \" width=\"1045\" height=\"212\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Steam-Generator-steam-parameters.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-17813\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Par\u00e2metros t\u00edpicos na entrada de turbinas de condensa\u00e7\u00e3o de PWRs.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-accordion\">\n<p>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/p>\n<p>Este artigo \u00e9 baseado na tradu\u00e7\u00e3o autom\u00e1tica do artigo original em ingl\u00eas. Para mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es, consulte o artigo em ingl\u00eas. Voc\u00ea pode nos ajudar. Se voc\u00ea deseja corrigir a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o, envie-a para: translations@nuclear-power.com ou preencha o formul\u00e1rio de tradu\u00e7\u00e3o on-line. Agradecemos sua ajuda, atualizaremos a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o o mais r\u00e1pido poss\u00edvel. Obrigado.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Press\u00f5es de caldeira e condensador.\u00a0A efici\u00eancia t\u00e9rmica da turbina a vapor tende a aumentar \u00e0 medida que a press\u00e3o m\u00e9dia do vapor aumenta e \/ ou a press\u00e3o do condensador diminui.\u00a0Engenharia T\u00e9rmica Melhoria da efici\u00eancia t\u00e9rmica &#8211; Ciclo Rankine Existem v\u00e1rios m\u00e9todos, como pode ser melhorada a efici\u00eancia t\u00e9rmica do ciclo Rankine.\u00a0Assumindo que a temperatura &#8230; <a title=\"O que \u00e9 press\u00e3o da caldeira e do condensador &#8211; Ciclo Rankine &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-pressao-da-caldeira-e-do-condensador-ciclo-rankine-definicao\/\" aria-label=\"More on O que \u00e9 press\u00e3o da caldeira e do condensador &#8211; Ciclo Rankine &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o\">Ler mais<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[14],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>O que \u00e9 press\u00e3o da caldeira e do condensador - Ciclo Rankine - Defini\u00e7\u00e3o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Press\u00f5es de caldeira e condensador. 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A efici\\u00eancia t\\u00e9rmica da turbina a vapor tende a aumentar \\u00e0 medida que a press\\u00e3o m\\u00e9dia do vapor aumenta e \/ ou a press\\u00e3o do condensador diminui. 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