{"id":47895,"date":"2019-11-07T05:22:49","date_gmt":"2019-11-07T04:22:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/o-que-e-o-principio-de-operacao-do-gerador-de-turbina-definicao\/"},"modified":"2020-01-26T08:53:33","modified_gmt":"2020-01-26T07:53:33","slug":"o-que-e-o-principio-de-operacao-do-gerador-de-turbina-definicao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-o-principio-de-operacao-do-gerador-de-turbina-definicao\/","title":{"rendered":"O que \u00e9 o princ\u00edpio de opera\u00e7\u00e3o do gerador de turbina &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\">\n<div class=\"su-quote-inner su-clearfix\">A maioria das usinas nucleares opera um gerador de turbina de eixo \u00fanico que consiste em uma turbina HP de v\u00e1rios est\u00e1gios e tr\u00eas turbinas LP de v\u00e1rios est\u00e1gios paralelos, um gerador principal e um excitador.\u00a0Engenharia T\u00e9rmica<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-50 lgc-tablet-grid-50 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2>Princ\u00edpio de Opera\u00e7\u00e3o do Gerador de Turbina &#8211; Gera\u00e7\u00e3o de Eletricidade<\/h2>\n<p>A maioria das\u00a0<strong>usinas nucleares<\/strong>\u00a0opera um\u00a0<strong>gerador de turbina de eixo \u00fanico<\/strong>\u00a0que consiste em uma\u00a0<strong>turbina HP de v\u00e1rios est\u00e1gios\u00a0<\/strong>e\u00a0<strong>tr\u00eas turbinas LP de v\u00e1rios est\u00e1gios paralelos<\/strong>\u00a0, um gerador principal e um excitador. <strong>\u00a0A turbina HP<\/strong>\u00a0geralmente \u00e9 uma turbina de acci\u00f3n de fluxo duplo (ou tipo de rea\u00e7\u00e3o) com cerca de 10 est\u00e1gios com p\u00e1s encobertas e produz cerca de 30-40% da pot\u00eancia bruta da unidade da usina.\u00a0<strong>Turbinas LP <\/strong>geralmente s\u00e3o turbinas de rea\u00e7\u00e3o de fluxo duplo com cerca de 5-8 est\u00e1gios (com p\u00e1s encobertas e com p\u00e1s independentes dos \u00faltimos 3 est\u00e1gios).\u00a0As turbinas LP produzem aproximadamente 60-70% da produ\u00e7\u00e3o bruta de energia da unidade da usina.\u00a0Cada rotor de turbina \u00e9 montado em dois mancais, ou seja, h\u00e1 mancais duplos entre cada m\u00f3dulo de turbina.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-50 lgc-tablet-grid-50 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-youtube su-responsive-media-yes\"><iframe class=\"lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/SPg7hOxFItI?\" width=\"340\" height=\"200\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\" data-lazy-type=\"iframe\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/SPg7hOxFItI?\" data-mce-fragment=\"1\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<figure id=\"attachment_17846\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-17846\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Steam-Turbine-scheme-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-large wp-image-17846 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Steam-Turbine-scheme-min-1024x529.png\" alt=\"Turbina a vapor t\u00edpica de 3000 MW de PWR\" width=\"669\" height=\"346\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Steam-Turbine-scheme-min-1024x529.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-17846\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Esquema de uma turbina a vapor de um PWR t\u00edpico de 3000 MW.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2>Do gerador de vapor \u00e0s principais linhas de vapor &#8211; Evapora\u00e7\u00e3o<\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_407\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-407\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/STEAM_GENERATOR_NUCLEAR.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-407 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/STEAM_GENERATOR_NUCLEAR.gif\" alt=\"Gerador de vapor - vertical\" width=\"266\" height=\"357\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/STEAM_GENERATOR_NUCLEAR.gif\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-407\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gerador de vapor &#8211; vertical<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>O sistema de convers\u00e3o de energia do\u00a0<a title=\"PWR - Reator de \u00e1gua pressurizada\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/pwr-pressurized-water-reactor\/\">PWR<\/a>\u00a0t\u00edpico\u00a0\u00a0come\u00e7a nos\u00a0<a title=\"Gerador de vapor\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/steam-generator\/\">geradores de vapor<\/a>\u00a0em seus lados da carca\u00e7a.\u00a0Os geradores de vapor s\u00e3o\u00a0<strong>trocadores de calor<\/strong>\u00a0usados \u200b\u200bpara converter\u00a0<strong>\u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o em vapor<\/strong>\u00a0do calor produzido no\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reactor-physics.com\/what-is-reactor-core-definition\/\">n\u00facleo de<\/a>\u00a0um\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.reactor-physics.com\/what-is-reactor-core-definition\/\">reator nuclear<\/a>\u00a0.\u00a0A \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o (circuito secund\u00e1rio) \u00e9 aquecida de\u00a0<strong>~ 230 \u00b0 C a 500 \u00b0 F<\/strong>\u00a0(fluido pr\u00e9-aquecido por regeneradores) at\u00e9 o ponto de ebuli\u00e7\u00e3o desse fluido\u00a0<strong>(280 \u00b0 C; 536 \u00b0 F; 6,5MPa)<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0O calor \u00e9 transferido atrav\u00e9s das paredes desses tubos para o refrigerante secund\u00e1rio de baixa press\u00e3o localizado no lado secund\u00e1rio do trocador, onde o refrigerante evapora para vapor pressurizado\u00a0<strong>(\u00a0<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-o-steam-propriedades-do-steam-definicao\/\"><strong>vapor saturado<\/strong><\/a><strong>\u00a0280 \u00b0 C; 536 \u00b0 F; 6,5 MPa)<\/strong>.\u00a0O vapor saturado sai do gerador de vapor atrav\u00e9s de uma sa\u00edda de vapor e continua at\u00e9 as\u00a0<strong>principais linhas de vapor<\/strong>\u00a0e depois para a\u00a0<strong>turbina<\/strong>\u00a0a\u00a0<strong>vapor<\/strong>\u00a0.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/From-Steam-Generator-to-Main-Steam-Lines-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-17845 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/From-Steam-Generator-to-Main-Steam-Lines-min-241x300.png\" alt=\"Gerador de vapor para as principais linhas de vapor\" width=\"241\" height=\"300\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/From-Steam-Generator-to-Main-Steam-Lines-min-241x300.png\" \/><\/a>Essas principais linhas de vapor s\u00e3o reticuladas (por exemplo, atrav\u00e9s de um tubo coletor de vapor) perto da turbina para garantir que a diferen\u00e7a de press\u00e3o entre qualquer um dos geradores de vapor n\u00e3o exceda um valor espec\u00edfico, mantendo assim o equil\u00edbrio do sistema e garantindo a remo\u00e7\u00e3o uniforme de calor do sistema de refrigera\u00e7\u00e3o do reator ( RCS).\u00a0O vapor flui atrav\u00e9s das\u00a0<strong>principais v\u00e1lvulas de isolamento da linha de vapor<\/strong>\u00a0(MSIVs), que s\u00e3o muito importantes do ponto de vista da seguran\u00e7a, para a turbina de alta press\u00e3o.\u00a0Directamente na entrada da turbina a vapor, existem\u00a0<strong>v\u00e1lvulas de estrangulamento-stop<\/strong>\u00a0e\u00a0<strong>v\u00e1lvulas de controlo<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0O controle da turbina \u00e9 obtido variando as aberturas dessas v\u00e1lvulas.\u00a0No caso de uma\u00a0<strong>viagem de turbina<\/strong>, o suprimento de vapor deve ser isolado muito rapidamente, geralmente na fra\u00e7\u00e3o de segundo, para que as v\u00e1lvulas de parada operem com rapidez e confiabilidade.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Das v\u00e1lvulas de turbina ao condensador &#8211; expans\u00e3o<\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_17781\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-17781\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Rankine-Cycle-Ts-diagram.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-17781 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Rankine-Cycle-Ts-diagram-300x276.png\" alt=\"Ciclo de Rankine - diagrama de Ts\" width=\"300\" height=\"276\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Rankine-Cycle-Ts-diagram-300x276.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-17781\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Ciclo de Rankine &#8211; diagrama de Ts<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span>Normalmente, a maioria das\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>usinas nucleares<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0opera\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>turbinas a vapor de condensa\u00e7\u00e3o de v\u00e1rios est\u00e1gios<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Nessas turbinas, o est\u00e1gio de alta press\u00e3o recebe\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-o-steam-propriedades-do-steam-definicao\/\"><span>vapor<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0(esse vapor \u00e9 quase o vapor saturado &#8211; x = 0,995 &#8211; ponto C na figura;\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>6 MPa<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0; 275,6 \u00b0 C) de um gerador de vapor e o esgota para o separador-reaquecedor de umidade (MSR &#8211; ponto D).\u00a0O vapor deve ser reaquecido para evitar danos que podem ser causados \u200b\u200b\u00e0s p\u00e1s da turbina a vapor por vapor de\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-nuclear-engineering\/properties-steam-what-is-steam\/vapor-quality-dryness-fraction\/\"><span>baixa qualidade<\/span><\/a><span>.\u00a0O alto teor de got\u00edculas de \u00e1gua pode causar o r\u00e1pido impacto e a eros\u00e3o das p\u00e1s, que ocorre quando a \u00e1gua condensada \u00e9 jateada sobre as p\u00e1s.\u00a0Para evitar isso, drenos de condensado s\u00e3o instalados na tubula\u00e7\u00e3o de vapor que leva \u00e0 turbina.\u00a0O vapor sem umidade \u00e9 superaquecido pelo vapor de extra\u00e7\u00e3o do est\u00e1gio de alta press\u00e3o da turbina e pelo vapor diretamente das principais linhas de vapor.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_17852\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-17852\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Main-Turbine-key-parameters.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-17852 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Main-Turbine-key-parameters-234x300.png\" alt=\"Fonte: TVO - NKP Olkiluoto 3 www.tvo.fi\/uploads\/julkaisut\/tiedostot\/ydinvoimalayks_OL3_ENG.pdf\" width=\"234\" height=\"300\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Main-Turbine-key-parameters-234x300.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-17852\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Fonte: TVO &#8211; NKP Olkiluoto 3 www.tvo.fi\/uploads\/julkaisut\/tiedostot\/ydinvoimalayks_OL3_ENG.pdf<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span>O vapor de aquecimento \u00e9 condensado nos tubos e drenado para o sistema de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0O reaquecedor aquece o vapor (ponto D) e, em seguida, o vapor \u00e9 direcionado para o est\u00e1gio de baixa press\u00e3o da turbina a vapor, onde se expande (pontos E a F).\u00a0O vapor exaurido condensa no condensador e est\u00e1 a uma press\u00e3o bem abaixo da atmosf\u00e9rica (press\u00e3o absoluta de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>0,008 MPa<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0) e est\u00e1 em um estado parcialmente condensado (ponto F), tipicamente com uma qualidade pr\u00f3xima a 90%.\u00a0Os est\u00e1gios de alta press\u00e3o e baixa press\u00e3o da turbina geralmente est\u00e3o no mesmo eixo para acionar um gerador comum, mas eles t\u00eam casos separados.\u00a0O gerador principal produz energia el\u00e9trica, que \u00e9 fornecida \u00e0 rede el\u00e9trica.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Wet-Steam-Turbine-Expansion-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-17844 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Wet-Steam-Turbine-Expansion-min-1024x388.png\" alt=\"Turbina a Vapor \u00damida - Expans\u00e3o\" width=\"669\" height=\"253\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Wet-Steam-Turbine-Expansion-min-1024x388.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Do Condensador \u00e0s Bombas de Condensado &#8211; Condensa\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Condenser-LP-Heaters-Deaerator-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-17843 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Condenser-LP-Heaters-Deaerator-min-300x146.png\" alt=\"Condensador - Aquecedores de LP - Desaerador\" width=\"300\" height=\"146\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Condenser-LP-Heaters-Deaerator-min-300x146.png\" \/><\/a><span>O condensador principal condensa o vapor de exaust\u00e3o dos est\u00e1gios de baixa press\u00e3o da turbina principal e tamb\u00e9m do sistema de despejo de vapor.\u00a0O vapor exaurido \u00e9 condensado passando sobre os tubos que cont\u00eam \u00e1gua do sistema de resfriamento.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>A press\u00e3o no interior do\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>condensador<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 determinada pela temperatura do ar ambiente (ou seja, a temperatura da \u00e1gua no sistema de refrigera\u00e7\u00e3o) e por\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>ejetores de vapor<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0ou\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>bombas de v\u00e1cuo<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, que puxam os gases (n\u00e3o condens\u00e1veis) do condensador de superf\u00edcie e os lan\u00e7am para a atmosfera.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>A menor press\u00e3o vi\u00e1vel do condensador \u00e9 a press\u00e3o de satura\u00e7\u00e3o correspondente \u00e0 temperatura ambiente (por exemplo, press\u00e3o absoluta de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>0,008 MPa,<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0que corresponde a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>41,5 \u00b0 C<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0).\u00a0Observe que sempre h\u00e1 uma diferen\u00e7a de temperatura entre (em torno de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u0394T = 14 \u00b0 C<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0) a temperatura do condensador e a temperatura ambiente, que se origina do tamanho finito e da efici\u00eancia dos condensadores.\u00a0Como nem o condensador \u00e9 um trocador de calor 100% eficiente, sempre h\u00e1 uma diferen\u00e7a de temperatura entre a temperatura de satura\u00e7\u00e3o (lado secund\u00e1rio) e a temperatura do l\u00edquido de arrefecimento no sistema de refrigera\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0Al\u00e9m disso, h\u00e1 uma inefici\u00eancia de projeto, que diminui a efici\u00eancia geral da turbina.\u00a0Idealmente, o vapor descarregado no condensador n\u00e3o teria\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>sub-resfriamento<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0Mas os condensadores reais s\u00e3o projetados para sub-resfriar o l\u00edquido em alguns graus Celsius, a fim de evitar a\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/centrifugal-pumps\/cavitation\/suction-cavitation\/\"><strong><span>cavita\u00e7\u00e3o de suc\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0nas bombas de condensado.\u00a0Por\u00e9m, esse sub-resfriamento aumenta a inefici\u00eancia do ciclo, porque \u00e9 necess\u00e1ria mais energia para reaquecer a \u00e1gua.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_17767\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-17767\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Rankine-Cycle-condenser-pressure-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-17767 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Rankine-Cycle-condenser-pressure-min-300x300.png\" alt=\"Ciclo Rankine - press\u00e3o do condensador\" width=\"300\" height=\"300\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Rankine-Cycle-condenser-pressure-min-300x300.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-17767\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Diminuir a press\u00e3o de escape da turbina aumenta o trabalho l\u00edquido por ciclo, mas tamb\u00e9m diminui a qualidade do vapor de sa\u00edda.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span>O objetivo de manter a menor press\u00e3o pr\u00e1tica de exaust\u00e3o da turbina \u00e9 a principal raz\u00e3o para incluir o condensador em uma usina termel\u00e9trica.\u00a0O condensador fornece um v\u00e1cuo que maximiza a energia extra\u00edda do vapor, resultando em um aumento significativo no trabalho l\u00edquido e na efici\u00eancia t\u00e9rmica.\u00a0Mas tamb\u00e9m este par\u00e2metro (press\u00e3o do condensador) tem seus limites de engenharia:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>Diminuir a press\u00e3o de exaust\u00e3o da turbina diminui a qualidade do vapor (ou fra\u00e7\u00e3o de secura).\u00a0Em algum momento, a expans\u00e3o deve ser encerrada para evitar danos que podem ser causados \u200b\u200b\u00e0s p\u00e1s da turbina a vapor por vapor de\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-nuclear-engineering\/properties-steam-what-is-steam\/vapor-quality-dryness-fraction\/\"><span>baixa qualidade<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Diminuir a press\u00e3o de exaust\u00e3o da turbina aumenta significativamente o volume espec\u00edfico de vapor exaurido, o que requer grandes l\u00e2minas nas \u00faltimas fileiras do est\u00e1gio de baixa press\u00e3o da turbina a vapor.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>Em uma\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>turbina a vapor \u00famida<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0t\u00edpica\u00a0, o vapor exaurido condensa no condensador e est\u00e1 a uma press\u00e3o bem abaixo da atmosf\u00e9rica (press\u00e3o absoluta de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>0,008 MPa,<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0que corresponde a 41,5 \u00b0 C).\u00a0Este vapor est\u00e1 em um estado parcialmente condensado (ponto F), normalmente com uma qualidade pr\u00f3xima a 90%.\u00a0Observe que a press\u00e3o dentro do condensador tamb\u00e9m depende das condi\u00e7\u00f5es atmosf\u00e9ricas do ambiente:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>temperatura do ar, press\u00e3o e umidade em caso de resfriamento na atmosfera<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>temperatura da \u00e1gua e vaz\u00e3o em caso de resfriamento em um rio ou mar<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>Um aumento na temperatura ambiente causa um aumento proporcional na press\u00e3o do vapor exaurido (\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u0394T = 14 \u00b0 C<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 geralmente uma constante), portanto, a efici\u00eancia t\u00e9rmica do sistema de convers\u00e3o de energia diminui.\u00a0Em outras palavras, a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>produ\u00e7\u00e3o el\u00e9trica<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de uma usina\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>pode variar de acordo<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0com as\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>condi\u00e7\u00f5es ambientais<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, enquanto a energia t\u00e9rmica permanece constante.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>O vapor condensado (agora chamado de condensado) \u00e9 coletado na c\u00e2mara quente do condensador.\u00a0A c\u00e2mara quente do condensador tamb\u00e9m fornece uma capacidade de armazenamento de \u00e1gua, necess\u00e1ria para fins operacionais, como a composi\u00e7\u00e3o da \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0O condensado (l\u00edquido saturado ou ligeiramente sub-resfriado) \u00e9 entregue \u00e0 bomba de condensado e depois bombeado por bombas de condensado para o desaerador atrav\u00e9s do sistema de aquecimento de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0As bombas de condensado aumentam a press\u00e3o normalmente para cerca de p = 1-2 MPa.\u00a0Geralmente, existem quatro bombas de condensado centr\u00edfugas com um ter\u00e7o da capacidade com cabe\u00e7alhos comuns de suc\u00e7\u00e3o e descarga.\u00a0Normalmente, tr\u00eas bombas est\u00e3o em opera\u00e7\u00e3o e uma no backup.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Das bombas de condensado \u00e0s bombas de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o &#8211; Regenera\u00e7\u00e3o de calor<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Condenser-LP-Heaters-Deaerator-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-17843 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Condenser-LP-Heaters-Deaerator-min-300x146.png\" alt=\"Condensador - Aquecedores de LP - Desaerador\" width=\"300\" height=\"146\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Condenser-LP-Heaters-Deaerator-min-300x146.png\" \/><\/a><span>O\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>condensado<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0das\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>bombas de condensado<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0passa ent\u00e3o por v\u00e1rios est\u00e1gios dos\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>aquecedores de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de\u00a0<strong>baixa press\u00e3o<\/strong>\u00a0, nos quais a temperatura do condensado \u00e9 aumentada pela transfer\u00eancia de calor do vapor extra\u00eddo das turbinas de baixa press\u00e3o.\u00a0Normalmente, existem tr\u00eas ou quatro est\u00e1gios de aquecedores de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o de baixa press\u00e3o conectados na cascata.\u00a0O condensado sai dos aquecedores de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o de baixa press\u00e3o a aproximadamente p = 1 MPa, t = 150 \u00b0 C e entra no\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>desaerador<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0O sistema principal de condensado tamb\u00e9m cont\u00e9m um sistema mec\u00e2nico de purifica\u00e7\u00e3o de condensado para remover impurezas.\u00a0Os aquecedores de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o auto-regul\u00e1veis.\u00a0Isso significa que quanto maior o fluxo de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o, maior a taxa de absor\u00e7\u00e3o de calor do vapor e maior o fluxo de vapor de extra\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Existem v\u00e1lvulas de reten\u00e7\u00e3o nas linhas de vapor de extra\u00e7\u00e3o entre os aquecedores de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o e a turbina.\u00a0Essas v\u00e1lvulas de reten\u00e7\u00e3o impedem o fluxo reverso de vapor ou \u00e1gua em caso de disparo da turbina, o que causa uma r\u00e1pida diminui\u00e7\u00e3o da press\u00e3o no interior da turbina.\u00a0Qualquer \u00e1gua que entre na turbina dessa maneira pode causar s\u00e9rios danos \u00e0s p\u00e1s da turbina.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Desaerador<\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_17856\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-17856\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Deaerator.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-17856 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Deaerator-285x300.png\" alt=\"Desaerador\" width=\"285\" height=\"300\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Deaerator-285x300.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-17856\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Um diagrama esquem\u00e1tico de um desaerador t\u00edpico do tipo bandeja.\u00a0Fonte: wikipedia.org Licen\u00e7a: CC BY-SA 3.0<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span>Em geral, um\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>desaerador<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 um dispositivo usado para a remo\u00e7\u00e3o de oxig\u00eanio e outros gases dissolvidos da \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o para os geradores de vapor.\u00a0O\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>desaerador<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0faz parte do sistema de aquecimento de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0Geralmente est\u00e1 situado entre o \u00faltimo aquecedor de baixa press\u00e3o e as bombas de refor\u00e7o de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0Em particular, o oxig\u00eanio dissolvido no gerador de vapor pode causar s\u00e9rios danos \u00e0 corros\u00e3o, anexando-se \u00e0s paredes da tubula\u00e7\u00e3o de metal e outros equipamentos met\u00e1licos e formando \u00f3xidos (ferrugem).\u00a0Al\u00e9m disso, o di\u00f3xido de carbono dissolvido combina-se com a \u00e1gua para formar \u00e1cido carb\u00f4nico que causa corros\u00e3o adicional.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>No\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>desaerador<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, o condensado \u00e9 aquecido a condi\u00e7\u00f5es saturadas, geralmente pelo vapor extra\u00eddo da turbina a vapor.\u00a0O vapor de extra\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 misturado no desaerador por um sistema de bicos de pulveriza\u00e7\u00e3o e bandejas em cascata entre as quais o vapor penetra.\u00a0Quaisquer gases dissolvidos no condensado s\u00e3o liberados nesse processo e removidos do desaerador por ventila\u00e7\u00e3o para a atmosfera ou para o condensador principal.\u00a0Diretamente abaixo do\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>desaerador<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0est\u00e1 o\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>tanque de armazenamento de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>, em que uma grande quantidade de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 armazenada em condi\u00e7\u00f5es pr\u00f3ximas \u00e0 satura\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0No evento de disparo da turbina, essa \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o pode ser fornecida aos geradores de vapor para manter o invent\u00e1rio de \u00e1gua necess\u00e1rio durante o per\u00edodo transit\u00f3rio.\u00a0O desaerador e o tanque de armazenamento geralmente est\u00e3o localizados em uma eleva\u00e7\u00e3o elevada no sal\u00e3o da turbina para garantir uma\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Cabe\u00e7a de suc\u00e7\u00e3o positiva l\u00edquida\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/centrifugal-pumps\/net-positive-suction-head\/\"><span>cabe\u00e7a de suc\u00e7\u00e3o positiva l\u00edquida<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0(NPSH)\u00a0adequada\u00a0na entrada das bombas de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>O NPSH<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 usado para medir\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>a proximidade de<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0um fluido a condi\u00e7\u00f5es saturadas.\u00a0Baixar a press\u00e3o no lado da suc\u00e7\u00e3o pode induzir\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/centrifugal-pumps\/cavitation\/\"><strong><span>cavita\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Esse arranjo minimiza o risco de cavita\u00e7\u00e3o na bomba.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Das bombas de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o ao gerador de vapor<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Feedwater-Pumps-HP-Heaters-min.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-17847 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Feedwater-Pumps-HP-Heaters-min-300x298.png\" alt=\"Bombas de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o - Aquecedores HP\" width=\"300\" height=\"298\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Feedwater-Pumps-HP-Heaters-min-300x298.png\" \/><\/a><span>O sistema de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>bombas<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de\u00a0<strong>\u00e1gua<\/strong>\u00a0de\u00a0<strong>alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>\u00a0geralmente cont\u00e9m tr\u00eas linhas paralelas (\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>3 \u00d7 50%<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0) de bombas de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o com cabe\u00e7alhos comuns de suc\u00e7\u00e3o e descarga.\u00a0Cada bomba de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o consiste no\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>refor\u00e7o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0e na\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>bomba de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o principal<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0As bombas de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o (geralmente acionadas por turbinas a vapor) aumentam a press\u00e3o do condensado (~ 1MPa) para a press\u00e3o no gerador de vapor (~ 6,5MPa).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>As\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>bombas auxiliares<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0fornecem a press\u00e3o de suc\u00e7\u00e3o principal necess\u00e1ria da bomba de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0Essas bombas (ambas as bombas de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o) s\u00e3o normalmente bombas de alta press\u00e3o (geralmente do\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Bombas centr\u00edfugas\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-bomba-centrifuga-definicao\/\"><span>tipo bomba centr\u00edfuga<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0) que s\u00e3o aspiradas pelo tanque de armazenamento de \u00e1gua do desaerador, montado diretamente abaixo do desaerador, e fornecem as principais bombas de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0A descarga de \u00e1gua das bombas de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o flui atrav\u00e9s dos\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>aquecedores de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o de alta press\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, entra na\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Constru\u00e7\u00e3o de conten\u00e7\u00e3o\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/containment-building\/\"><span>conten\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0e depois flui para os\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Gerador de vapor\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/steam-generator\/\"><span>geradores de vapor<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>O fluxo de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o para cada gerador de vapor \u00e9 controlado por\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>v\u00e1lvulas reguladoras de \u00e1gua<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de\u00a0<strong>alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong>\u00a0(\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>FRVs<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0) em cada linha de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0O regulador \u00e9 controlado automaticamente pelo n\u00edvel do gerador de vapor, fluxo de vapor e fluxo de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Os\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>aquecedores de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o de alta press\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0s\u00e3o aquecidos pelo vapor de extra\u00e7\u00e3o da turbina de alta press\u00e3o, HP Turbine.\u00a0Os drenos dos aquecedores de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o de alta press\u00e3o s\u00e3o geralmente encaminhados para o desaerador.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_407\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-407\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/STEAM_GENERATOR_NUCLEAR.gif\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-407 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/STEAM_GENERATOR_NUCLEAR-223x300.gif\" alt=\"Gerador de vapor - vertical\" width=\"223\" height=\"300\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/STEAM_GENERATOR_NUCLEAR-223x300.gif\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-407\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Gerador de vapor &#8211; vertical<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span>A \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o (\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u00e1gua 230 \u00b0 C; 446 \u00b0 F; 6,5MPa<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0) \u00e9 bombeada para\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>o gerador de vapor<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0atrav\u00e9s da entrada de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0No gerador de vapor, a \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o (circuito secund\u00e1rio) \u00e9 aquecida de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>~ 230 \u00b0 C 446 \u00b0 F<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0at\u00e9 o ponto de ebuli\u00e7\u00e3o desse fluido\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>(280 \u00b0 C; 536 \u00b0 F; 6,5MPa)<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0A \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 ent\u00e3o evaporada e o vapor pressurizado\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>(<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0vapor\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-nuclear-engineering\/properties-steam-what-is-steam\/dry-steam\/\"><strong><span>saturado<\/span><\/strong><\/a><strong><span>\u00a0280 \u00b0 C; 536 \u00b0 F; 6,5 MPa)<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0sai do gerador de vapor pela sa\u00edda de vapor e continua at\u00e9 a turbina a vapor, completando assim o ciclo.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\">\n<p>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/p>\n<p>Este artigo \u00e9 baseado na tradu\u00e7\u00e3o autom\u00e1tica do artigo original em ingl\u00eas. Para mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es, consulte o artigo em ingl\u00eas. Voc\u00ea pode nos ajudar. Se voc\u00ea deseja corrigir a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o, envie-a para: translations@nuclear-power.com ou preencha o formul\u00e1rio de tradu\u00e7\u00e3o on-line. Agradecemos sua ajuda, atualizaremos a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o o mais r\u00e1pido poss\u00edvel. Obrigado.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A maioria das usinas nucleares opera um gerador de turbina de eixo \u00fanico que consiste em uma turbina HP de v\u00e1rios est\u00e1gios e tr\u00eas turbinas LP de v\u00e1rios est\u00e1gios paralelos, um gerador principal e um excitador.\u00a0Engenharia T\u00e9rmica Princ\u00edpio de Opera\u00e7\u00e3o do Gerador de Turbina &#8211; Gera\u00e7\u00e3o de Eletricidade A maioria das\u00a0usinas nucleares\u00a0opera um\u00a0gerador de turbina &#8230; <a title=\"O que \u00e9 o princ\u00edpio de opera\u00e7\u00e3o do gerador de turbina &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-o-principio-de-operacao-do-gerador-de-turbina-definicao\/\" aria-label=\"More on O que \u00e9 o princ\u00edpio de opera\u00e7\u00e3o do gerador de turbina &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o\">Ler mais<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[14],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>O que \u00e9 o princ\u00edpio de opera\u00e7\u00e3o do gerador de turbina - Defini\u00e7\u00e3o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A maioria das usinas nucleares opera um gerador de turbina de eixo \u00fanico que consiste em uma turbina HP de v\u00e1rios est\u00e1gios e tr\u00eas turbinas LP de v\u00e1rios est\u00e1gios paralelos, um gerador principal e um excitador. 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