{"id":48428,"date":"2019-11-10T11:56:45","date_gmt":"2019-11-10T10:56:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/o-que-e-exemplo-de-entalpia-calculo-definicao\/"},"modified":"2020-01-29T10:38:56","modified_gmt":"2020-01-29T09:38:56","slug":"o-que-e-exemplo-de-entalpia-calculo-definicao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-exemplo-de-entalpia-calculo-definicao\/","title":{"rendered":"O que \u00e9 exemplo de entalpia – c\u00e1lculo – defini\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"
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Exemplos de entalpia – C\u00e1lculo de entalpia.\u00a0Pist\u00e3o sem atrito, balan\u00e7o de energia, entalpia espec\u00edfica do vapor \u00famido.\u00a0Exemplos e solu\u00e7\u00f5es.\u00a0Engenharia T\u00e9rmica<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Entalpia em unidades extensivas<\/h2>\n
\"Propriedades<\/a>
Propriedades extensivas e intensivas do meio no pressurizador.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

H = U + pV<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

A entalpia<\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00e9 uma quantidade extensa, depende do tamanho do sistema ou da quantidade de subst\u00e2ncia que ele cont\u00e9m.\u00a0A unidade SI de entalpia \u00e9 o joule (J).\u00a0\u00c9 a energia contida no sistema, excluindo a energia cin\u00e9tica do movimento do sistema como um todo e a energia potencial do sistema como um todo devido a campos de for\u00e7a externos.\u00a0\u00c9 a quantidade termodin\u00e2mica equivalente ao\u00a0conte\u00fado total de calor<\/strong>\u00a0de um sistema.<\/p>\n

Por outro lado, a energia pode ser armazenada nas liga\u00e7\u00f5es qu\u00edmicas entre os \u00e1tomos que comp\u00f5em as mol\u00e9culas.\u00a0Esse armazenamento de energia no n\u00edvel at\u00f4mico inclui energia associada a estados orbitais de el\u00e9trons, rota\u00e7\u00e3o nuclear e for\u00e7as de liga\u00e7\u00e3o no n\u00facleo.<\/p>\n

A entalpia<\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 representada pelo s\u00edmbolo\u00a0H<\/strong>\u00a0, e a altera\u00e7\u00e3o na entalpia em um processo \u00e9\u00a0H\u00a02<\/sub>\u00a0– H\u00a01<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0.<\/p>\n

Existem express\u00f5es em termos de vari\u00e1veis \u200b\u200bmais familiares, como\u00a0temperatura<\/a>\u00a0e\u00a0press\u00e3o<\/a>\u00a0:<\/p>\n

dH = C\u00a0p<\/sub>\u00a0dT + V (1-aT) dp<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

Onde\u00a0C\u00a0p<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 a\u00a0capacidade calor\u00edfica a press\u00e3o constante<\/strong>\u00a0e\u00a0\u03b1<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 o coeficiente de expans\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica (c\u00fabico).\u00a0Para o g\u00e1s ideal \u03b1T = 1 e, portanto:<\/p>\n

dH = C\u00a0p<\/sub>\u00a0dT<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Exemplo: Pist\u00e3o sem atrito – Calor – Entalpia<\/span><\/h2>\n
\"Entalpia<\/a>
Calcule a temperatura final, se 3000 kJ de calor forem adicionados.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Um pist\u00e3o sem atrito \u00e9 usado para proporcionar uma press\u00e3o constante de\u00a0<\/span>500 kPa<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0num cilindro contendo vapor (\u00a0<\/span>vapor sobreaquecido<\/span><\/a>\u00a0) de um volume de\u00a0<\/span>2 m\u00a0<\/span>3<\/span><\/sup><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0a\u00a0<\/span>500 K<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Calcule a temperatura final, se\u00a0<\/span>3000 kJ<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0de\u00a0<\/span>calor<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0forem adicionados.<\/span><\/p>\n

Solu\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Usando\u00a0<\/span>tabelas de vapor<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, sabemos que a\u00a0<\/span>entalpia espec\u00edfica<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0desse vapor (500 kPa; 500 K) \u00e9 de cerca de\u00a0<\/span>2912 kJ \/ kg<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Como nessa condi\u00e7\u00e3o o vapor possui densidade de 2,2 kg \/ m\u00a0<\/span>3<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0, sabemos que h\u00e1 cerca de\u00a0<\/span>4,4 kg de vapor<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0no pist\u00e3o na entalpia de 2912 kJ \/ kg x 4,4 kg =\u00a0<\/span>12812 kJ<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

Quando usamos simplesmente\u00a0<\/span>Q = H\u00a0<\/span>2<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0– H\u00a0<\/span>1<\/span><\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0, a entalpia resultante do vapor ser\u00e1:<\/span><\/p>\n

H\u00a0<\/span>2<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0= H\u00a0<\/span>1<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0+ Q =\u00a0<\/span>15812 kJ<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Nas\u00a0<\/span>tabelas de vapor<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, esse vapor superaquecido (15812 \/ 4,4 = 3593 kJ \/ kg) ter\u00e1 uma temperatura de\u00a0<\/span>828 K (555 \u00b0 C)<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Uma vez que nesta entalpia do vapor tem a densidade de 1,31 kg \/ m\u00a0<\/span>3<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0, \u00e9 \u00f3bvio que se expandiu em cerca de 2,2 \/ 1,31 = 1,67 (+ 67%).\u00a0Portanto, o volume resultante \u00e9 de 2 m\u00a0<\/span>3<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0x 1,67 = 3,34 m\u00a0<\/span>3<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0e \u2206V = 3,34 m\u00a0<\/span>3<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0– 2 m\u00a0<\/span>3<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0= 1,34 m\u00a0<\/span>3<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

A\u00a0parte\u00a0<\/span>p\u2206V<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0da entalpia, ou seja, o trabalho realizado \u00e9:<\/span><\/p>\n

W = p\u2206V = 500 000 Pa x 1,34 m\u00a0<\/span>3<\/span><\/sup>\u00a0= 670 kJ<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Exemplo: Balan\u00e7o Energ\u00e9tico em um Gerador de Vapor<\/span><\/h2>\n
\"Gerador<\/a>
Gerador de vapor – vertical<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Calcule a quantidade de l\u00edquido de arrefecimento prim\u00e1rio necess\u00e1ria para\u00a0<\/span>evaporar 1 kg de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0em um\u00a0<\/span>gerador de vapor<\/span><\/a>\u00a0t\u00edpico\u00a0.\u00a0Suponha que n\u00e3o haja perdas de energia, este \u00e9 apenas um exemplo idealizado.<\/span><\/p>\n

Saldo do circuito prim\u00e1rio<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

O l\u00edquido de arrefecimento prim\u00e1rio quente (\u00a0<\/span>\u00e1gua 330 \u00b0 C; 626 \u00b0 F; 16MPa<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0) \u00e9 bombeado para\u00a0<\/span>o gerador de vapor<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0atrav\u00e9s da entrada prim\u00e1ria.\u00a0O l\u00edquido de arrefecimento prim\u00e1rio sai\u00a0<\/span>(\u00e1gua 295 \u00b0 C; 563 \u00b0 F; 16MPa)<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0do gerador de vapor pela sa\u00edda prim\u00e1ria.<\/span><\/p>\n

h\u00a0<\/span>I, entrada<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0= 1516 kJ \/ kg<\/span><\/p>\n

=> \u0394h\u00a0<\/span>I<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0= -206 kJ \/ kg<\/span><\/p>\n

h\u00a0<\/span>I, sa\u00edda<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0= 1310 kJ \/ kg<\/span><\/p>\n

Equil\u00edbrio da \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o (\u00a0<\/span>\u00e1gua 230 \u00b0 C; 446 \u00b0 F; 6,5MPa<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0) \u00e9 bombeada para\u00a0<\/span>o gerador de vapor<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0atrav\u00e9s da entrada de \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0A \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o (circuito secund\u00e1rio) \u00e9 aquecida de\u00a0<\/span>~ 230 \u00b0 C 446 \u00b0 F<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0at\u00e9 o ponto de ebuli\u00e7\u00e3o desse fluido\u00a0<\/span>(280 \u00b0 C; 536 \u00b0 F; 6,5MPa)<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0A \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e9 ent\u00e3o evaporada e o vapor pressurizado\u00a0<\/span>(<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0vapor\u00a0saturado<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0280 \u00b0 C; 536 \u00b0 F; 6,5 MPa)<\/strong>\u00a0sai do gerador de vapor atrav\u00e9s da sa\u00edda de vapor e continua na turbina a vapor.<\/span><\/p>\n

h\u00a0<\/span>II, entrada<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0= 991 kJ \/ kg<\/span><\/p>\n

=> \u0394h\u00a0<\/span>II<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0= 1789 kJ \/ kg<\/span><\/p>\n

h\u00a0<\/span>II, sa\u00edda<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0= 2780 kJ \/ kg<\/span><\/p>\n

Equil\u00edbrio do gerador de vapor<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Como a diferen\u00e7a de entalpias espec\u00edficas \u00e9 menor para refrigerante prim\u00e1rio do que para \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o, \u00e9 \u00f3bvio que a quantidade de refrigerante prim\u00e1rio ser\u00e1 maior que 1 kg.\u00a0Para produzir 1 kg de vapor saturado a partir da \u00e1gua de alimenta\u00e7\u00e3o, s\u00e3o necess\u00e1rios cerca de\u00a0<\/span>1789\/206 x 1 kg = 8,68 kg<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0de refrigerante prim\u00e1rio.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Exemplo: combust\u00e3o de hidrog\u00eanio<\/span><\/h2>\n
\"Combust\u00e3o<\/a>
Em uma chama de g\u00e1s hidrog\u00eanio puro, queimando no ar, o hidrog\u00eanio (H2) reage com o oxig\u00eanio (O2) para formar \u00e1gua (H2O) e libera energia.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Considere a\u00a0<\/span>combust\u00e3o de hidrog\u00eanio<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0no ar.\u00a0Em uma chama de g\u00e1s hidrog\u00eanio puro, queimando no ar, o\u00a0<\/span>hidrog\u00eanio (H\u00a0<\/span>2<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0)<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0reage com o\u00a0\u00a0<\/span>oxig\u00eanio (O\u00a0<\/span>2<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0)<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0para formar\u00a0<\/span>\u00e1gua (H\u00a0<\/span>2<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0O)<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0e\u00a0<\/span>libera energia<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

Energicamente, o processo pode ser considerado para exigir a energia para dissociar o\u00a0<\/span>H\u00a0<\/span>2<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0<\/strong>\u00a0e\u00a0<\/span>O\u00a0<\/span>2<\/span><\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0, mas, em seguida, a liga\u00e7\u00e3o do inibidor da H\u00a0<\/span>2<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0O retorna o sistema para um estado ligado com\u00a0<\/span>potencial negativo<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Na verdade, \u00e9\u00a0<\/span>mais negativo do<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0que os estados ligados dos reagentes, e a forma\u00e7\u00e3o das duas mol\u00e9culas de \u00e1gua \u00e9, portanto, uma\u00a0<\/span>rea\u00e7\u00e3o exot\u00e9rmica<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, que libera 5,7 eV de energia.\u00a0Em palavras de entalpia, a entalpia de combust\u00e3o \u00e9 \u2212286 kJ \/ mol:<\/span><\/p>\n

2H\u00a0<\/span>2<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0(g) + O\u00a0<\/span>2<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0(g) \u2192 2H\u00a0<\/span>2<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0O (g)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Em palavras de entalpia, a entalpia de combust\u00e3o \u00e9 \u2212286 kJ \/ mol (energia por mol de hidrog\u00eanio molecular):<\/span><\/p>\n

2H\u00a0<\/span>2<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0(g) + O\u00a0<\/span>2<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0(g) \u2192 2H\u00a0<\/span>2<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0O (l) +572 kJ<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

O balan\u00e7o de energia antes e depois da rea\u00e7\u00e3o pode ser ilustrado esquematicamente com o estado em que todos os \u00e1tomos s\u00e3o livres, tomados como refer\u00eancia de energia.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Exemplo: Entalpia de Vapor Molhado<\/span><\/h2>\n
\"termodin\u00e2mica<\/a>
Ciclo de Rankine – Termodin\u00e2mica como ci\u00eancia de convers\u00e3o de energia<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

Um est\u00e1gio de alta press\u00e3o da turbina a vapor opera em estado estacion\u00e1rio com condi\u00e7\u00f5es de entrada de 6 MPa, t = 275,6 \u00b0 C, x = 1 (ponto C).\u00a0O vapor sai deste est\u00e1gio da turbina a uma press\u00e3o de 1,15 MPa, 186 \u00b0 C ex = 0,87 (ponto D).\u00a0Calcule a diferen\u00e7a de entalpia entre esses dois estados.<\/span><\/p>\n

A entalpia para o estado C pode ser coletada diretamente das\u00a0<\/span>tabelas de vapor<\/span><\/a>\u00a0, enquanto a entalpia para o estado D deve ser calculada usando a qualidade do vapor:<\/span><\/p>\n

h\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong>1, molhado<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0=<\/span><\/em><\/strong>\u00a02785 kJ \/ kg<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

h\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong>2, molhado<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0= h\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong>2, s<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0x + (1 – x) h\u00a0<\/span><\/em><\/strong>2, l<\/span><\/sub><\/em><\/strong>\u00a0\u00a0= 2782.\u00a00,87 + (1 – 0,87).\u00a0790 = 2420 + 103 =<\/span>\u00a02523 kJ \/ kg<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0394h = 262 kJ \/ kg<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….<\/p>\n

Este artigo \u00e9 baseado na tradu\u00e7\u00e3o autom\u00e1tica do artigo original em ingl\u00eas. Para mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es, consulte o artigo em ingl\u00eas. Voc\u00ea pode nos ajudar. Se voc\u00ea deseja corrigir a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o, envie-a para: translations@nuclear-power.com ou preencha o formul\u00e1rio de tradu\u00e7\u00e3o on-line. Agradecemos sua ajuda, atualizaremos a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o o mais r\u00e1pido poss\u00edvel. Obrigado.<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Exemplos de entalpia – C\u00e1lculo de entalpia.\u00a0Pist\u00e3o sem atrito, balan\u00e7o de energia, entalpia espec\u00edfica do vapor \u00famido.\u00a0Exemplos e solu\u00e7\u00f5es.\u00a0Engenharia T\u00e9rmica Entalpia em unidades extensivas Propriedades extensivas e intensivas do meio no pressurizador. H = U + pV A entalpia\u00a0\u00a0\u00e9 uma quantidade extensa, depende do tamanho do sistema ou da quantidade de subst\u00e2ncia que ele cont\u00e9m.\u00a0A … Ler mais<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[14],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nO que \u00e9 exemplo de entalpia - c\u00e1lculo - defini\u00e7\u00e3o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Exemplos de entalpia - C\u00e1lculo de entalpia. Pist\u00e3o sem atrito, balan\u00e7o de energia, entalpia espec\u00edfica do vapor \u00famido. Exemplos e solu\u00e7\u00f5es. 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Pist\\u00e3o sem atrito, balan\\u00e7o de energia, entalpia espec\\u00edfica do vapor \\u00famido. Exemplos e solu\\u00e7\\u00f5es. 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