{"id":48497,"date":"2019-11-10T22:18:06","date_gmt":"2019-11-10T21:18:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/o-que-e-energia-microscopica-definicao\/"},"modified":"2020-01-29T13:26:20","modified_gmt":"2020-01-29T12:26:20","slug":"o-que-e-energia-microscopica-definicao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-energia-microscopica-definicao\/","title":{"rendered":"O que \u00e9 energia microsc\u00f3pica – defini\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"
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A energia interna envolve energia na escala microsc\u00f3pica.\u00a0Pode ser dividido em energia potencial microsc\u00f3pica, Upot e energia cin\u00e9tica microsc\u00f3pica, Ukin.\u00a0Engenharia T\u00e9rmica<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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Energia microsc\u00f3pica<\/h2>\n

A energia interna<\/strong>\u00a0envolve energia na\u00a0escala microsc\u00f3pica<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Pode ser dividido em energia microsc\u00f3pica potencial,\u00a0pote\u00a0<\/sub>U<\/em>\u00a0e energia cin\u00e9tica microsc\u00f3pica,\u00a0U\u00a0<\/em>kin<\/sub>\u00a0, componentes:<\/p>\n

U = U\u00a0pote<\/sub>\u00a0+ U\u00a0parentes<\/sub><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Energia<\/a>onde a energia cin\u00e9tica microsc\u00f3pica, U\u00a0kin<\/sub>\u00a0, envolve os\u00a0movimentos<\/strong>\u00a0de todas as part\u00edculas do sistema em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 estrutura do centro de massa.\u00a0Para um\u00a0g\u00e1s monat\u00f4mico<\/strong>\u00a0ideal\u00a0, essa \u00e9 apenas a\u00a0energia cin\u00e9tica translacional<\/strong>\u00a0do movimento linear dos \u00e1tomos.\u00a0Part\u00edculas monoat\u00f4micas n\u00e3o giram ou vibram.\u00a0O comportamento do sistema \u00e9 bem descrito pela teoria cin\u00e9tica dos gases.\u00a0A teoria cin\u00e9tica baseia-se no fato de que durante uma\u00a0colis\u00e3o el\u00e1stica<\/a>\u00a0entre uma mol\u00e9cula com alta energia cin\u00e9tica e outra com baixa energia cin\u00e9tica, parte da energia ser\u00e1 transferida para a mol\u00e9cula de energia cin\u00e9tica inferior.\u00a0No entanto, para\u00a0gases poliat\u00f4micos,<\/strong>\u00a0existem\u00a0rota\u00e7\u00f5es<\/strong>\u00a0eenergia cin\u00e9tica vibracional<\/strong>\u00a0tamb\u00e9m.<\/p>\n

A energia potencial microsc\u00f3pica,\u00a0U\u00a0pot<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0, envolve as\u00a0liga\u00e7\u00f5es qu\u00edmicas<\/strong>\u00a0entre os \u00e1tomos que comp\u00f5em as mol\u00e9culas, as for\u00e7as de liga\u00e7\u00e3o no n\u00facleo e tamb\u00e9m os campos de for\u00e7a f\u00edsica no sistema (por exemplo, campos el\u00e9tricos ou magn\u00e9ticos).<\/p>\n

Em l\u00edquidos e s\u00f3lidos, h\u00e1 um componente significativo da energia potencial associada \u00e0s\u00a0for\u00e7as de atra\u00e7\u00e3o intermoleculares<\/strong>\u00a0.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Energia interna de um g\u00e1s ideal<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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A\u00a0<\/span>energia interna<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 o total de toda a energia associada ao movimento dos \u00e1tomos ou mol\u00e9culas no sistema.\u00a0As formas microsc\u00f3picas de energia incluem aquelas devidas \u00e0\u00a0<\/span>rota\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span>vibra\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span>tradu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0e intera\u00e7\u00f5es entre as mol\u00e9culas de uma subst\u00e2ncia.<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n
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G\u00e1s Monat\u00f4mico<\/span><\/h2>\n

Para um\u00a0<\/span>g\u00e1s ideal monat\u00f4mico<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0(como h\u00e9lio, n\u00e9on ou arg\u00f4nio), a \u00fanica contribui\u00e7\u00e3o para a energia vem da\u00a0<\/span>energia cin\u00e9tica translacional<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0A energia cin\u00e9tica translacional m\u00e9dia de um \u00fanico \u00e1tomo depende apenas da temperatura do g\u00e1s e \u00e9 dada pela equa\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/p>\n

K\u00a0<\/span>m\u00e9d<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0= 3\/2 kT.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

A\u00a0<\/span>energia interna<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0de n moles de um g\u00e1s monat\u00f4mico ideal (um \u00e1tomo por mol\u00e9cula) \u00e9 igual \u00e0 energia cin\u00e9tica m\u00e9dia por mol\u00e9cula vezes o n\u00famero total de mol\u00e9culas, N:<\/span><\/p>\n

E\u00a0<\/span>int<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0= 3\/2 NkT = 3\/2 nRT<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

onde n \u00e9 o n\u00famero de moles.\u00a0Cada dire\u00e7\u00e3o (x, ye z) contribui\u00a0<\/span>(1\/2) nRT<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0para a energia interna.\u00a0\u00c9 aqui que entra a id\u00e9ia da equiparti\u00e7\u00e3o de energia – qualquer outra contribui\u00e7\u00e3o para a energia tamb\u00e9m deve contribuir (1\/2) nRT.\u00a0Como pode ser visto, a energia interna de um g\u00e1s ideal\u00a0<\/span>depende apenas da temperatura<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0e do n\u00famero de mols de g\u00e1s.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Mol\u00e9cula Diat\u00f4mica<\/span><\/h2>\n

Se as mol\u00e9culas de g\u00e1s cont\u00eam mais de um \u00e1tomo, existem\u00a0<\/span>tr\u00eas dire\u00e7\u00f5es de transla\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0e\u00a0<\/span>a energia cin\u00e9tica rotacional<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0tamb\u00e9m contribui, mas apenas para rota\u00e7\u00f5es em torno de dois dos tr\u00eas eixos perpendiculares.\u00a0As cinco contribui\u00e7\u00f5es para a energia (cinco graus de liberdade) fornecem:<\/span><\/p>\n

G\u00e1s ideal diat\u00f4mico:<\/span><\/p>\n

E\u00a0<\/span>int<\/span><\/sub>\u00a0= (5\/2) NkT = (5\/2) nRT<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

Esta \u00e9 apenas uma aproxima\u00e7\u00e3o e se aplica a temperaturas intermedi\u00e1rias.\u00a0Em baixas temperaturas, apenas a energia cin\u00e9tica translacional contribui e, em temperaturas mais altas, duas contribui\u00e7\u00f5es adicionais (energia cin\u00e9tica e potencial) v\u00eam da vibra\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n

A energia interna ser\u00e1 maior a uma dada temperatura do que para um g\u00e1s monat\u00f4mico, mas ainda ser\u00e1 uma fun\u00e7\u00e3o apenas da temperatura para um g\u00e1s ideal.<\/span><\/p>\n

A energia interna dos gases reais tamb\u00e9m depende principalmente da temperatura, mas, da mesma forma que a\u00a0<\/span>Lei do G\u00e1s Ideal<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0, a energia interna dos gases reais tamb\u00e9m depende um pouco da press\u00e3o e do volume.\u00a0Todos os gases reais se aproximam do estado ideal a baixas press\u00f5es (densidades).\u00a0A baixas press\u00f5es, as mol\u00e9culas est\u00e3o suficientemente afastadas para que n\u00e3o interajam.\u00a0A energia interna de l\u00edquidos e s\u00f3lidos \u00e9 bastante complicada, pois inclui energia potencial el\u00e9trica associada \u00e0s for\u00e7as (ou liga\u00e7\u00f5es “qu\u00edmicas”) entre \u00e1tomos e mol\u00e9culas.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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Segunda Lei de Joule<\/span><\/h2>\n

Para qualquer g\u00e1s cuja equa\u00e7\u00e3o de estado seja dada exatamente por\u00a0<\/span>pV = nRT<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0(ou pv = RT), a\u00a0<\/span>energia interna espec\u00edfica<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0depende apenas da temperatura.\u00a0Essa regra foi originalmente encontrada em 1843 por Joule experimentalmente para gases reais e \u00e9 conhecida como\u00a0<\/span>segunda lei de Joule<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0:<\/span><\/p>\n

A energia interna de uma massa fixa de um g\u00e1s ideal depende apenas de sua temperatura (n\u00e3o press\u00e3o ou volume).<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

A entalpia espec\u00edfica de um g\u00e1s descrita por pV = nRT tamb\u00e9m depende apenas da temperatura.\u00a0Observe que a entalpia \u00e9 a quantidade termodin\u00e2mica equivalente ao conte\u00fado total de calor de um sistema.\u00a0\u00c9 igual \u00e0 energia interna do sistema mais o produto de press\u00e3o e volume.\u00a0Em vari\u00e1veis \u200b\u200bintensivas, a\u00a0<\/span>segunda lei de Joule<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 dada por\u00a0<\/span>h = h (T) = u (T) + pv = u (T) + RT<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n

Essas tr\u00eas equa\u00e7\u00f5es constituem o modelo de g\u00e1s ideal, resumido da seguinte forma:<\/span><\/p>\n

pv = RT<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

u = u (T)<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

h = h (T) = u (T) + RT<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n

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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….<\/p>\n

Este artigo \u00e9 baseado na tradu\u00e7\u00e3o autom\u00e1tica do artigo original em ingl\u00eas. Para mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es, consulte o artigo em ingl\u00eas. Voc\u00ea pode nos ajudar. Se voc\u00ea deseja corrigir a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o, envie-a para: translations@nuclear-power.com ou preencha o formul\u00e1rio de tradu\u00e7\u00e3o on-line. Agradecemos sua ajuda, atualizaremos a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o o mais r\u00e1pido poss\u00edvel. Obrigado.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A energia interna envolve energia na escala microsc\u00f3pica.\u00a0Pode ser dividido em energia potencial microsc\u00f3pica, Upot e energia cin\u00e9tica microsc\u00f3pica, Ukin.\u00a0Engenharia T\u00e9rmica Energia microsc\u00f3pica A energia interna\u00a0envolve energia na\u00a0escala microsc\u00f3pica\u00a0.\u00a0Pode ser dividido em energia microsc\u00f3pica potencial,\u00a0pote\u00a0U\u00a0e energia cin\u00e9tica microsc\u00f3pica,\u00a0U\u00a0kin\u00a0, componentes: U = U\u00a0pote\u00a0+ U\u00a0parentes onde a energia cin\u00e9tica microsc\u00f3pica, U\u00a0kin\u00a0, envolve os\u00a0movimentos\u00a0de todas as part\u00edculas do … Ler mais<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[14],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nO que \u00e9 energia microsc\u00f3pica - defini\u00e7\u00e3o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A energia interna envolve energia na escala microsc\u00f3pica. 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