{"id":49310,"date":"2019-11-17T16:31:42","date_gmt":"2019-11-17T15:31:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/o-que-e-a-eficiencia-de-carnot-eficiencia-do-mecanismo-de-aquecimento-de-carnot-definicao\/"},"modified":"2020-01-27T17:27:51","modified_gmt":"2020-01-27T16:27:51","slug":"o-que-e-a-eficiencia-de-carnot-eficiencia-do-mecanismo-de-aquecimento-de-carnot-definicao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-a-eficiencia-de-carnot-eficiencia-do-mecanismo-de-aquecimento-de-carnot-definicao\/","title":{"rendered":"O que \u00e9 a efici\u00eancia de Carnot &#8211; Efici\u00eancia do mecanismo de aquecimento de Carnot &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\">\n<div class=\"su-quote-inner su-clearfix\">Efici\u00eancia de Carnot ou Efici\u00eancia do mecanismo de aquecimento de Carnot.\u00a0\u00e9 uma efici\u00eancia idealizada.\u00a0\u00c9 v\u00e1lido apenas para processos revers\u00edveis e depende apenas da diferen\u00e7a de temperatura entre os reservat\u00f3rios.\u00a0Engenharia T\u00e9rmica<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2>Efici\u00eancia de Carnot &#8211; Efici\u00eancia do mecanismo de calor de Carnot<\/h2>\n<p>Em 1824, o engenheiro e f\u00edsico franc\u00eas\u00a0<strong>Nicolas L\u00e9onard Sadi Carnot<\/strong>\u00a0avan\u00e7ou o estudo da segunda lei, formando um princ\u00edpio (tamb\u00e9m chamado\u00a0<strong>regra de Carnot<\/strong>\u00a0) que especifica limites para a\u00a0<strong>m\u00e1xima efici\u00eancia que qualquer motor t\u00e9rmico<\/strong>\u00a0pode obter.\u00a0Em suma, este princ\u00edpio afirma que a\u00a0<strong>efici\u00eancia de um ciclo termodin\u00e2mico<\/strong>\u00a0depende apenas da diferen\u00e7a entre os reservat\u00f3rios de temperatura quente e fria.<\/p>\n<p><strong>O princ\u00edpio de Carnot afirma:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Nenhum motor pode ser mais eficiente que um motor revers\u00edvel (\u00a0<strong>um motor t\u00e9rmico Carnot<\/strong>\u00a0) operando entre os mesmos reservat\u00f3rios de alta temperatura e baixa temperatura.<\/li>\n<li>As efici\u00eancias de todos os motores revers\u00edveis (motores de\u00a0<strong>calor Carnot<\/strong>\u00a0) que operam entre os mesmos reservat\u00f3rios de temperatura constante s\u00e3o as mesmas, independentemente da subst\u00e2ncia de trabalho empregada ou dos detalhes da opera\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><strong><b>Efici\u00eancia de Carnot<\/b><\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>A f\u00f3rmula para essa efici\u00eancia m\u00e1xima \u00e9:<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/carnot-efficiency-equation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-16897 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/carnot-efficiency-equation.png\" alt=\"F\u00f3rmula de Carnot Efici\u00eancia\" width=\"369\" height=\"91\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/carnot-efficiency-equation.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Onde:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00e9 a efici\u00eancia do ciclo de Carnot, ie \u00e9 a propor\u00e7\u00e3o\u00a0<strong>= W \/ Q\u00a0<\/strong><strong><sub>H<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0do trabalho realizado pelo motor com a energia de calor que entra no sistema a partir do reservat\u00f3rio quente.<\/li>\n<li><strong>T\u00a0<sub>C<\/sub><\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 a temperatura absoluta (Kelvins) do reservat\u00f3rio frio,<\/li>\n<li>T\u00a0<sub>H<\/sub>\u00a0\u00e9 a temperatura absoluta (Kelvin) do reservat\u00f3rio quente.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Exemplo: efici\u00eancia de Carnot para usina a carv\u00e3o<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Em uma moderna\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>usina<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0a\u00a0<strong>carv\u00e3o<\/strong>\u00a0, a temperatura do\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"O que \u00e9 o vapor supercr\u00edtico\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-nuclear-engineering\/properties-steam-what-is-steam\/supercritical-fluid-supercritical-water\/what-is-supercritical-steam\/\"><strong><span>vapor<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0de\u00a0<a title=\"O que \u00e9 o vapor supercr\u00edtico\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-nuclear-engineering\/properties-steam-what-is-steam\/supercritical-fluid-supercritical-water\/what-is-supercritical-steam\/\"><strong>alta press\u00e3o<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0(T\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>quente<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0) seria de cerca de 400 \u00b0 C (673K) e T\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>fria<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0, a temperatura da \u00e1gua da torre de resfriamento, seria de cerca de 20 \u00b0 C (293K).\u00a0Para este tipo de usina, a efici\u00eancia m\u00e1xima (ideal) ser\u00e1:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>= 1 &#8211; T\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>frio<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0\/ T\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>quente<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0= 1 &#8211; 293\/673 = 56%<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u00c9 preciso acrescentar que essa \u00e9 uma\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>efici\u00eancia idealizada<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0A efici\u00eancia de Carnot \u00e9 v\u00e1lida para processos revers\u00edveis.\u00a0Esses processos n\u00e3o podem ser alcan\u00e7ados em ciclos reais de usinas.\u00a0A efici\u00eancia de Carnot determina que maiores efici\u00eancias podem ser alcan\u00e7adas aumentando a temperatura do vapor.\u00a0Esse recurso tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 v\u00e1lido para ciclos termodin\u00e2micos reais.\u00a0Mas isso requer um aumento nas press\u00f5es dentro de caldeiras ou\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Gerador de vapor\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/steam-generator\/\"><span>geradores de vapor<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.\u00a0No entanto, considera\u00e7\u00f5es metal\u00fargicas\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>imp\u00f5em limites superiores<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0a essas press\u00f5es.\u00a0As usinas subcr\u00edticas de combust\u00edveis f\u00f3sseis, que s\u00e3o operadas sob\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Press\u00e3o cr\u00edtica da \u00e1gua\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/thermodynamics\/thermodynamic-properties\/what-is-pressure-physics\/critical-pressure-of-water\/\"><strong><span>press\u00e3o cr\u00edtica<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0(ou seja, inferiores a 22,1 MPa), podem atingir uma efici\u00eancia de 36 a 40%.\u00a0Projetos supercr\u00edticos, que s\u00e3o operados sob\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"O que \u00e9 o vapor supercr\u00edtico\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/materials-nuclear-engineering\/properties-steam-what-is-steam\/supercritical-fluid-supercritical-water\/what-is-supercritical-steam\/\"><strong><span>press\u00e3o supercr\u00edtica<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>(ou seja, superior a 22,1 MPa), t\u00eam efici\u00eancias em torno de 43%.\u00a0As usinas el\u00e9tricas a carv\u00e3o mais eficientes e tamb\u00e9m muito complexas, operadas a\u00a0<strong>press\u00f5es\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><strong><span>&#8220;ultra-cr\u00edticas&#8221;<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(ou seja, cerca de 30 MPa) e que utilizam reaquecimento em v\u00e1rios est\u00e1gios, atingem cerca de 48% de efici\u00eancia.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Veja tamb\u00e9m:\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Reator Supercr\u00edtico de \u00c1gua - SCWR\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power-plant\/reactor-types\/supercritical-water-reactor-scwr\/\"><span>Reator supercr\u00edtico<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Causas de inefici\u00eancia<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Como foi discutido, uma efici\u00eancia pode variar entre 0 e 1. Cada mecanismo t\u00e9rmico \u00e9 de alguma forma ineficiente.\u00a0Essa inefici\u00eancia pode ser atribu\u00edda a tr\u00eas causas.<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>Irreversibilidade de processos<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Existe um limite superior te\u00f3rico geral para a efici\u00eancia da convers\u00e3o de calor em trabalho em qualquer motor t\u00e9rmico.\u00a0Esse limite superior \u00e9 chamado de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>efici\u00eancia de Carnot<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0De acordo com o\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>princ\u00edpio Carnot<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, nenhum motor pode ser mais eficiente que um motor revers\u00edvel (\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>um motor t\u00e9rmico Carnot<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0) operando entre os mesmos reservat\u00f3rios de alta temperatura e baixa temperatura.\u00a0Por exemplo, quando o reservat\u00f3rio quente tiver T\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>quente<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0de 400 \u00b0 C (673K) e T\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>frio<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0de cerca de 20 \u00b0 C (293K), a efici\u00eancia m\u00e1xima (ideal) ser\u00e1: = 1 &#8211; T\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>frio<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0\/ T\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>quente<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0= 1 &#8211; 293 \/ 673 = 56%.\u00a0Mas todos os processos termodin\u00e2micos reais s\u00e3o de alguma forma\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>irrevers\u00edveis<\/span><\/strong><span>.\u00a0Eles n\u00e3o s\u00e3o feitos infinitamente devagar.\u00a0Portanto, os motores t\u00e9rmicos devem ter efici\u00eancias mais baixas do que os limites de efici\u00eancia devido \u00e0 irreversibilidade inerente ao ciclo dos motores t\u00e9rmicos que utilizam.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Presen\u00e7a de fric\u00e7\u00e3o e perdas de calor.\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span>Em sistemas termodin\u00e2micos reais ou em motores t\u00e9rmicos reais, uma parte da inefici\u00eancia geral do ciclo \u00e9 devida \u00e0s perdas dos componentes individuais.\u00a0Em dispositivos reais (como turbinas, bombas e compressores), um\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>atrito mec\u00e2nico<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>perdas de calor<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0e perdas no processo de combust\u00e3o causam mais perdas de efici\u00eancia.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Inefici\u00eancia do projeto<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Finalmente, a \u00faltima e tamb\u00e9m importante fonte de inefici\u00eancias prov\u00e9m dos\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>compromissos<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0assumidos pelos\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>engenheiros<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0ao projetar um motor t\u00e9rmico (por exemplo, usina).\u00a0Eles devem considerar o custo e outros fatores no design e opera\u00e7\u00e3o do ciclo.\u00a0Como exemplo, considere um projeto do\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>condensador<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0nas usinas termel\u00e9tricas.\u00a0Idealmente, o vapor descarregado no condensador n\u00e3o teria\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>sub-resfriamento<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Mas os condensadores reais s\u00e3o projetados para sub-resfriar o l\u00edquido em alguns graus Celsius, a fim de evitar a\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Cavita\u00e7\u00e3o por suc\u00e7\u00e3o\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/centrifugal-pumps\/cavitation\/suction-cavitation\/\"><strong><span>cavita\u00e7\u00e3o de suc\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0nas bombas de condensado.\u00a0Por\u00e9m, esse sub-resfriamento aumenta a inefici\u00eancia do ciclo, porque \u00e9 necess\u00e1ria mais energia para reaquecer a \u00e1gua.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/p>\n<p>Este artigo \u00e9 baseado na tradu\u00e7\u00e3o autom\u00e1tica do artigo original em ingl\u00eas. Para mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es, consulte o artigo em ingl\u00eas. Voc\u00ea pode nos ajudar. Se voc\u00ea deseja corrigir a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o, envie-a para: translations@nuclear-power.com ou preencha o formul\u00e1rio de tradu\u00e7\u00e3o on-line. Agradecemos sua ajuda, atualizaremos a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o o mais r\u00e1pido poss\u00edvel. Obrigado.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Efici\u00eancia de Carnot ou Efici\u00eancia do mecanismo de aquecimento de Carnot.\u00a0\u00e9 uma efici\u00eancia idealizada.\u00a0\u00c9 v\u00e1lido apenas para processos revers\u00edveis e depende apenas da diferen\u00e7a de temperatura entre os reservat\u00f3rios.\u00a0Engenharia T\u00e9rmica Efici\u00eancia de Carnot &#8211; Efici\u00eancia do mecanismo de calor de Carnot Em 1824, o engenheiro e f\u00edsico franc\u00eas\u00a0Nicolas L\u00e9onard Sadi Carnot\u00a0avan\u00e7ou o estudo da segunda &#8230; <a title=\"O que \u00e9 a efici\u00eancia de Carnot &#8211; Efici\u00eancia do mecanismo de aquecimento de Carnot &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-a-eficiencia-de-carnot-eficiencia-do-mecanismo-de-aquecimento-de-carnot-definicao\/\" aria-label=\"More on O que \u00e9 a efici\u00eancia de Carnot &#8211; Efici\u00eancia do mecanismo de aquecimento de Carnot &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o\">Ler mais<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[14],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>O que \u00e9 a efici\u00eancia de Carnot - Efici\u00eancia do mecanismo de aquecimento de Carnot - Defini\u00e7\u00e3o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Efici\u00eancia de Carnot ou Efici\u00eancia do mecanismo de aquecimento de Carnot. \u00e9 uma efici\u00eancia idealizada. \u00c9 v\u00e1lido apenas para processos revers\u00edveis e depende apenas da diferen\u00e7a de temperatura entre os reservat\u00f3rios. 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