{"id":51036,"date":"2020-01-23T13:15:20","date_gmt":"2020-01-23T12:15:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/o-que-e-conveccao-natural-conveccao-livre-definicao\/"},"modified":"2020-01-23T13:18:45","modified_gmt":"2020-01-23T12:18:45","slug":"o-que-e-conveccao-natural-conveccao-livre-definicao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-conveccao-natural-conveccao-livre-definicao\/","title":{"rendered":"O que \u00e9 convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural &#8211; convec\u00e7\u00e3o livre &#8211; defini\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\">\n<div class=\"su-quote-inner su-clearfix\">A convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural, tamb\u00e9m conhecida como convec\u00e7\u00e3o livre, \u00e9 um mecanismo ou tipo de transporte de massa e calor, no qual o movimento do fluido \u00e9 gerado apenas por diferen\u00e7as de densidade no fluido.\u00a0Engenharia T\u00e9rmica<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2>Convec\u00e7\u00e3o Natural &#8211; Convec\u00e7\u00e3o Livre<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Natural-Convection-boundary-layer.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-20642 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Natural-Convection-boundary-layer-184x300.png\" alt=\"Convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural - camada limite\" width=\"184\" height=\"300\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Natural-Convection-boundary-layer-184x300.png\" \/><\/a>Em geral, a\u00a0<a title=\"Convec\u00e7\u00e3o - Transfer\u00eancia de calor por convec\u00e7\u00e3o\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-conveccao-transferencia-de-calor-por-conveccao-definicao\/\">convec\u00e7\u00e3o<\/a>\u00a0\u00e9 a transfer\u00eancia de massa ou a transfer\u00eancia de calor devido ao movimento em massa de mol\u00e9culas dentro de fluidos, como gases e l\u00edquidos.\u00a0Embora l\u00edquidos e gases geralmente n\u00e3o sejam bons condutores de calor, eles podem transferir calor rapidamente por convec\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0A convec\u00e7\u00e3o ocorre atrav\u00e9s de advec\u00e7\u00e3o, difus\u00e3o ou ambos.\u00a0Nos cap\u00edtulos anteriores, consideramos a transfer\u00eancia de convec\u00e7\u00e3o em fluxos de fluidos que se originam de uma condi\u00e7\u00e3o de for\u00e7amento externo &#8211; convec\u00e7\u00e3o for\u00e7ada.\u00a0Neste cap\u00edtulo, consideramos\u00a0<strong>a convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural<\/strong>\u00a0, onde qualquer movimento fluido ocorre por meios naturais, como a\u00a0<strong>flutuabilidade<\/strong>\u00a0.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Defini\u00e7\u00e3o de Convec\u00e7\u00e3o Natural<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>A convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural<\/strong>\u00a0, tamb\u00e9m conhecida como\u00a0<strong>convec\u00e7\u00e3o livre,<\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 um mecanismo ou tipo de\u00a0<a title=\"Transfer\u00eancia de calor\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-transferencia-de-calor-definicao\/\">transporte<\/a>\u00a0de massa e\u00a0<a title=\"Transfer\u00eancia de calor\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-transferencia-de-calor-definicao\/\">calor<\/a>\u00a0, no qual o movimento do fluido \u00e9 gerado apenas por\u00a0<strong>diferen\u00e7as de densidade<\/strong>\u00a0no fluido que ocorre devido a gradientes de temperatura, n\u00e3o por qualquer fonte externa (como uma bomba, ventilador, dispositivo de suc\u00e7\u00e3o, etc.).<\/p>\n<p>Na\u00a0<strong>convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural<\/strong>\u00a0, o fluido em torno de uma fonte de calor recebe calor e, por\u00a0<strong>expans\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica,<\/strong>\u00a0torna-se menos denso e sobe.\u00a0A expans\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica do fluido desempenha um papel crucial.\u00a0Em outras palavras, os componentes mais pesados \u200b\u200b(mais densos) cair\u00e3o, enquanto os componentes mais leves (menos densos) subir\u00e3o, levando ao movimento de fluidos a granel.\u00a0<strong>A convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural<\/strong>\u00a0pode ocorrer apenas em um campo gravitacional ou na presen\u00e7a de outra\u00a0<strong>acelera\u00e7\u00e3o adequada<\/strong>\u00a0, como:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>acelera\u00e7\u00e3o<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>for\u00e7a centr\u00edfuga<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>for\u00e7a de Coriolis<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>A convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural<\/strong> essencialmente n\u00e3o opera na \u00f3rbita da Terra. Por exemplo, na Esta\u00e7\u00e3o Espacial Internacional em \u00f3rbita, s\u00e3o necess\u00e1rios outros mecanismos de transfer\u00eancia de calor para impedir o superaquecimento dos componentes eletr\u00f4nicos.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Convec\u00e7\u00e3o Natural &#8211; Transfer\u00eancia de Calor<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Da mesma forma que na convec\u00e7\u00e3o for\u00e7ada, tamb\u00e9m\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>a transfer\u00eancia de calor por convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0ocorre tanto\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>por\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span>difus\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(o movimento aleat\u00f3rio das mol\u00e9culas de fluido) quanto\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>por advec\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, na qual mat\u00e9ria ou calor \u00e9 transportado pelo movimento em larga escala das correntes no fluido.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u00a0Na superf\u00edcie,<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0o fluxo de energia ocorre\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>puramente por condu\u00e7\u00e3o,<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0mesmo em convec\u00e7\u00e3o.\u00a0\u00c9 devido ao fato, sempre h\u00e1 uma\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>fina camada de filme fluido estagnado<\/span><\/strong><span>na superf\u00edcie de transfer\u00eancia de calor.\u00a0Por\u00e9m, nas pr\u00f3ximas camadas, ocorrem movimentos de condu\u00e7\u00e3o e difus\u00e3o-massa no n\u00edvel molecular ou no n\u00edvel macrosc\u00f3pico.\u00a0Devido ao movimento de massa, a taxa de transfer\u00eancia de energia \u00e9 maior.\u00a0Quanto maior a taxa de movimento de massa, mais fina ser\u00e1 a camada de filme fluido estagnado e maior ser\u00e1 a taxa de fluxo de calor.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Natural-Convection-boundary-layer.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-20642 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Natural-Convection-boundary-layer-184x300.png\" alt=\"Convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural - camada limite\" width=\"184\" height=\"300\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Natural-Convection-boundary-layer-184x300.png\" \/><\/a><span>Sabemos que a densidade de gases e l\u00edquidos depende da temperatura, geralmente diminuindo (devido \u00e0 expans\u00e3o do fluido) com o aumento da temperatura.<\/span><span>A magnitude da transfer\u00eancia de calor por convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural entre uma superf\u00edcie e um fluido est\u00e1 diretamente relacionada \u00e0 taxa de fluxo do fluido induzido por\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Quanto maior a taxa de fluxo, maior a taxa de transfer\u00eancia de calor.\u00a0A vaz\u00e3o em caso de convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural \u00e9 estabelecida pelo\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>equil\u00edbrio din\u00e2mico<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de flutuabilidade e atrito.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Assumir uma placa \u00e0 temperatura de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>T\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>da parede<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><span>\u00a0, o qual \u00e9 imerso num fluido em repouso \u00e0 temperatura de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>T\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>a granel<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><span>\u00a0, onde (\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>t\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>parede<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0&gt; T\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>grandes quantidades<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><span>\u00a0).\u00a0O fluido pr\u00f3ximo \u00e0 placa \u00e9 menos denso que o fluido que \u00e9 removido posteriormente.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>As for\u00e7as de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o,<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0portanto, induzem uma camada limite natural de convec\u00e7\u00e3o na qual o fluido aquecido e mais leve sobe verticalmente, arrastando o fluido mais pesado da regi\u00e3o quiescente.\u00a0A distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de velocidade resultante \u00e9 diferente da associada \u00e0s camadas limite de convec\u00e7\u00e3o for\u00e7ada e depende tamb\u00e9m da viscosidade do fluido.\u00a0Em particular, a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>velocidade<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>zero\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span>na superf\u00edcie<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, bem como<\/span><strong><span>na fronteira<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0devido a for\u00e7as viscosas.\u00a0Deve-se notar que uma convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural tamb\u00e9m se desenvolve (\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>parede<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0T &lt;\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>volume<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0T\u00a0), mas, nesse caso, o movimento do fluido ser\u00e1 descendente.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>A presen\u00e7a e magnitude da convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural tamb\u00e9m dependem da\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>geometria<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0do problema.\u00a0A presen\u00e7a de um gradiente de densidade de fluido em um campo gravitacional n\u00e3o garante a exist\u00eancia de correntes de convec\u00e7\u00e3o naturais.\u00a0Esse problema \u00e9 ilustrado na figura a seguir, onde um fluido \u00e9 encerrado por duas grandes placas horizontais de temperatura diferente (T\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>superior<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0\u2260 T\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>inferior<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0).<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span>No\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>caso A,<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0a temperatura da placa inferior \u00e9 superior \u00e0 temperatura da placa superior.\u00a0Nesse caso, a densidade diminui na dire\u00e7\u00e3o da for\u00e7a gravitacional.\u00a0Essa geometria induz a circula\u00e7\u00e3o de fluidos e a transfer\u00eancia de calor ocorre por circula\u00e7\u00e3o natural.\u00a0O fluido mais pesado descer\u00e1, sendo aquecido no processo, enquanto o fluido mais leve subir\u00e1, esfriando \u00e0 medida que se move.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>No\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>caso B,<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0a temperatura da placa inferior \u00e9 inferior \u00e0 temperatura da placa superior.\u00a0Nesse caso, a densidade aumenta na dire\u00e7\u00e3o da for\u00e7a gravitacional.\u00a0Essa geometria leva a condi\u00e7\u00f5es est\u00e1veis, gradiente de temperatura est\u00e1vel e\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>n\u00e3o induz a circula\u00e7\u00e3o de fluidos<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0A transfer\u00eancia de calor ocorre apenas por\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Condu\u00e7\u00e3o T\u00e9rmica - Condu\u00e7\u00e3o T\u00e9rmica\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-conducao-termica-conducao-termica-definicao\/\"><span>condu\u00e7\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/natural-circulation-geometry.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-20641 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/natural-circulation-geometry.png\" alt=\"circula\u00e7\u00e3o natural - geometria\" width=\"609\" height=\"342\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/natural-circulation-geometry.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Como a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0depende fortemente da geometria, a maioria das correla\u00e7\u00f5es de transfer\u00eancia de calor na convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural \u00e9 baseada em medi\u00e7\u00f5es experimentais e os engenheiros costumam usar\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"N\u00fameros de caracter\u00edstica\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/introduction-to-heat-transfer\/characteristic-numbers\/\"><span>n\u00fameros de caracter\u00edsticas<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0apropriados\u00a0para descrever a transfer\u00eancia de calor por convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Convec\u00e7\u00e3o Natural &#8211; Correla\u00e7\u00f5es<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Como foi escrito, a maioria das\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>correla\u00e7\u00f5es de transfer\u00eancia de calor<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0na\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 baseada em medi\u00e7\u00f5es experimentais e os engenheiros costumam usar\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"N\u00fameros de caracter\u00edstica\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/introduction-to-heat-transfer\/characteristic-numbers\/\"><span>n\u00fameros de caracter\u00edsticas<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0adequados\u00a0para descrever a transfer\u00eancia de calor por convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural.\u00a0O n\u00famero caracter\u00edstico que descreve\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Convec\u00e7\u00e3o - Transfer\u00eancia de calor por convec\u00e7\u00e3o\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-conveccao-transferencia-de-calor-por-conveccao-definicao\/\"><span>a transfer\u00eancia de calor por convec\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0(ou seja, o\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Coeficiente de transfer\u00eancia de calor por convec\u00e7\u00e3o\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-coeficiente-de-transferencia-de-calor-por-conveccao-definicao\/\"><span>coeficiente de transfer\u00eancia de calor<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0) \u00e9 o\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"O que \u00e9 o n\u00famero Nusselt\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/introduction-to-heat-transfer\/characteristic-numbers\/what-is-nusselt-number\/\"><strong><span>n\u00famero de Nusselt<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0, que \u00e9 definido como a raz\u00e3o da\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>energia t\u00e9rmica convectada<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0ao fluido pela\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>energia t\u00e9rmica conduzida<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0dentro do fluido.\u00a0O\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>n\u00famero de Nusselt<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0representa o aprimoramento da transfer\u00eancia de calor atrav\u00e9s de uma camada de fluido como resultado da\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>convec\u00e7\u00e3o relativa \u00e0 condu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>atrav\u00e9s da mesma camada de fluido.\u00a0Mas, no caso de convec\u00e7\u00e3o livre, as correla\u00e7\u00f5es de transfer\u00eancia de calor (para o n\u00famero de Nusselt) s\u00e3o geralmente expressas em termos do\u00a0<\/span><strong><a title=\"O que \u00e9 o n\u00famero Rayleigh\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/introduction-to-heat-transfer\/characteristic-numbers\/what-is-rayleigh-number\/\"><span>n\u00famero de Rayleigh<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>O\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>n\u00famero Rayleigh<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 usado para expressar transfer\u00eancia de calor em convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural.\u00a0A magnitude do n\u00famero de Rayleigh \u00e9 uma boa indica\u00e7\u00e3o sobre se a camada limite da convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural \u00e9 laminar ou turbulenta.\u00a0As correla\u00e7\u00f5es emp\u00edricas simples para o n\u00famero m\u00e9dio de Nusselt, Nu, em convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural, t\u00eam a forma:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Nu\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>x<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0= C. Ra\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>x\u00a0<\/span><\/sub><sup><span>n<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>Os valores das\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>constantes C<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0e\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>n<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0dependem da geometria da superf\u00edcie e do\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/flow-regime\/\"><span>regime de vaz\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, que \u00e9 caracterizado pela faixa do\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>n\u00famero de Rayleigh<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0O valor de n \u00e9 geralmente\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>n = 1\/4<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0para\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Fluxo Laminar - Fluxo Viscoso\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-fluxo-laminar-fluxo-viscoso-definicao\/\"><strong><span>o fluxo laminar<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0e\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>n = 1\/3<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0para\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Fluxo turbulento\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-fluxo-turbulento-definicao\/\"><strong><span>fluxo turbulento<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Por exemplo:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/natural-convection-heat-transfer-correlations.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-20652 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/natural-convection-heat-transfer-correlations.png\" alt=\"convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural - correla\u00e7\u00f5es de transfer\u00eancia de calor\" width=\"519\" height=\"130\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/natural-convection-heat-transfer-correlations.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Veja tamb\u00e9m:\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"O que \u00e9 o n\u00famero Nusselt\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/introduction-to-heat-transfer\/characteristic-numbers\/what-is-nusselt-number\/\"><span>N\u00famero Nusselt<\/span><\/a><br \/>\n<span>Veja tamb\u00e9m:\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"O que \u00e9 o n\u00famero Rayleigh\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/introduction-to-heat-transfer\/characteristic-numbers\/what-is-rayleigh-number\/\"><span>N\u00famero Rayleigh<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Exemplo: Convec\u00e7\u00e3o Natural &#8211; Placa Plana<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Uma placa vertical de 10 cm de altura \u00e9 mantida a 261 \u00b0 C em \u00e1gua comprimida a 260 \u00b0 C (16MPa).\u00a0Determine o\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>n\u00famero de Nusselt<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0usando a correla\u00e7\u00e3o simples para uma placa plana vertical.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/example-free-convection-equation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-20653 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/example-free-convection-equation.png\" alt=\"exemplo - convec\u00e7\u00e3o livre - equa\u00e7\u00e3o\" width=\"515\" height=\"84\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/example-free-convection-equation.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Para calcular o n\u00famero de Rayleigh, precisamos saber:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>o coeficiente de expans\u00e3o t\u00e9rmica, que \u00e9:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u03b2 = 0,0022<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>o\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"O que \u00e9 o n\u00famero Prandtl\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/introduction-to-heat-transfer\/characteristic-numbers\/what-is-prandtl-number\/\"><span>n\u00famero de Prandtl<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0(para 260 \u00b0 C), que \u00e9:\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Pr = 0,87<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>a viscosidade cinem\u00e1tica (para 260 \u00b0 C), que \u00e9\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u03bd = 0,13 x 10\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>-6<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><span>\u00a0(observe que esse valor \u00e9 significativamente menor que o de 20 \u00b0 C)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>O\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>n\u00famero Rayleigh<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0resultante\u00a0\u00e9:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/example-natural-convection-flow-regime.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-20654 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/example-natural-convection-flow-regime.png\" alt=\"exemplo - convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural - regime de fluxo\" width=\"498\" height=\"164\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/example-natural-convection-flow-regime.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>O n\u00famero de Nusselt resultante, que representa o aprimoramento da transfer\u00eancia de calor atrav\u00e9s de uma camada de fluido como resultado da\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>convec\u00e7\u00e3o relativa \u00e0 condu\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0atrav\u00e9s da mesma camada de fluido \u00e9:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/example-natural-convection-solution.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-20655 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/example-natural-convection-solution.png\" alt=\"exemplo - convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural - solu\u00e7\u00e3o\" width=\"464\" height=\"46\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/example-natural-convection-solution.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Convec\u00e7\u00e3o For\u00e7ada e Natural Combinada<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/natural-convection-vs-forced-convection.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-20640 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/natural-convection-vs-forced-convection-300x291.png\" alt=\"convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural vs convec\u00e7\u00e3o for\u00e7ada\" width=\"300\" height=\"291\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/natural-convection-vs-forced-convection-300x291.png\" \/><\/a><span>Como foi escrito, a convec\u00e7\u00e3o ocorre por meio de advec\u00e7\u00e3o, difus\u00e3o ou ambos.\u00a0Nos cap\u00edtulos anteriores, consideramos a transfer\u00eancia de convec\u00e7\u00e3o em fluxos de fluidos que se originam de uma condi\u00e7\u00e3o de for\u00e7amento externo &#8211;\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>convec\u00e7\u00e3o for\u00e7ada<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Neste cap\u00edtulo, consideramos\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>a convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, onde qualquer movimento fluido ocorre por meios naturais, como a flutuabilidade.\u00a0De fato, existem regimes de fluxo, nos quais devemos considerar os\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>dois mecanismos de for\u00e7a<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Quando as velocidades de fluxo s\u00e3o baixas, a convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural tamb\u00e9m contribuir\u00e1 al\u00e9m da convec\u00e7\u00e3o for\u00e7ada.\u00a0Seja a convec\u00e7\u00e3o livre significativa ou n\u00e3o para a transfer\u00eancia de calor, ela pode ser verificada usando os seguintes crit\u00e9rios:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span>Se a conven\u00e7\u00e3o\u00a0livre\u00a0Gr \/ Re\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0&gt;&gt; 1 prevalecer<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Se a\u00a0convec\u00e7\u00e3o for\u00e7ada\u00a0Gr \/ Re\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0&lt;&lt; 1 prevalecer<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Se Gr \/ Re\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0\u2248 1, ambos devem ser considerados<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>O efeito da flutuabilidade na transfer\u00eancia de calor em um fluxo for\u00e7ado \u00e9 fortemente influenciado pela dire\u00e7\u00e3o da for\u00e7a de flutua\u00e7\u00e3o em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 do fluxo.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>A convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0pode\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>ajudar<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0ou\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>prejudicar<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0a transfer\u00eancia de calor por convec\u00e7\u00e3o for\u00e7ada, dependendo das dire\u00e7\u00f5es relativas dos movimentos induzidos por flutuabilidade e de convec\u00e7\u00e3o for\u00e7ada.\u00a0Tr\u00eas casos especiais que foram estudados extensivamente correspondem a movimentos induzidos por flutuabilidade e for\u00e7ados:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>Ajudando o fluxo<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0O movimento flutuante est\u00e1 na mesma dire\u00e7\u00e3o que o movimento for\u00e7ado.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Fluxo oposto<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0O movimento flutuante est\u00e1 na dire\u00e7\u00e3o oposta ao movimento for\u00e7ado.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Fluxo transversal<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0O movimento flutuante \u00e9 perpendicular ao movimento for\u00e7ado.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span>\u00c9 \u00f3bvio que, na assist\u00eancia e fluxos transversais, a flutuabilidade aumenta a taxa de transfer\u00eancia de calor associada \u00e0 convec\u00e7\u00e3o for\u00e7ada pura.\u00a0Por outro lado, em fluxos opostos, diminui a taxa de transfer\u00eancia de calor.\u00a0Ao determinar o\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>n\u00famero de Nusselt<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0sob condi\u00e7\u00f5es combinadas de convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural e for\u00e7ada, \u00e9 tentador adicionar as contribui\u00e7\u00f5es da convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural e for\u00e7ada na assist\u00eancia aos fluxos e subtra\u00ed-las nos fluxos opostos:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/combined-forced-and-natural-convection-correlation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-20657 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/combined-forced-and-natural-convection-correlation.png\" alt=\"convec\u00e7\u00e3o for\u00e7ada e natural combinada - correla\u00e7\u00e3o\" width=\"386\" height=\"44\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/combined-forced-and-natural-convection-correlation.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Para a geometria espec\u00edfica de interesse, os n\u00fameros de Nusselt\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Nu\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>for\u00e7ado<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><span>\u00a0e\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Nu\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>natural<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><span>\u00a0s\u00e3o determinados a partir de correla\u00e7\u00f5es existentes para convec\u00e7\u00e3o for\u00e7ada pura e natural (livre), respectivamente.\u00a0A melhor correla\u00e7\u00e3o de dados para experimentos \u00e9 frequentemente obtida para o\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>expoente n = 3<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, mas pode variar entre 3 e 4, dependendo da geometria do problema.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Circula\u00e7\u00e3o Natural<\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20639\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20639\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Natural-Circulation-schema.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-20639 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Natural-Circulation-schema-300x219.png\" alt=\"Circula\u00e7\u00e3o Natural - esquema\" width=\"300\" height=\"219\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Natural-Circulation-schema-300x219.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20639\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Circula\u00e7\u00e3o natural em circuito fechado<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong><span>Circula\u00e7\u00e3o natural<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 a circula\u00e7\u00e3o de fluido dentro de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>sistemas de tubula\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0ou\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>piscinas abertas<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0devido \u00e0s\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>altera\u00e7\u00f5es de densidade<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0causadas pelas diferen\u00e7as de temperatura.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>A circula\u00e7\u00e3o natural<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0n\u00e3o requer dispositivos mec\u00e2nicos para manter o fluxo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Esse fen\u00f4meno tem natureza semelhante \u00e0 convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural, mas, neste caso, o coeficiente de transfer\u00eancia de calor n\u00e3o \u00e9 um objeto de estudo.\u00a0Nesse caso, o\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>fluxo em<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0massa\u00a0<strong>atrav\u00e9s do loop<\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 o objeto de estudo.\u00a0Esse fen\u00f4meno \u00e9 mais um\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>problema hidr\u00e1ulico do<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0que um problema de transfer\u00eancia de calor, embora, como resultado, a circula\u00e7\u00e3o natural remova o calor da fonte e o transporte para o dissipador de calor e seja da maior import\u00e2ncia na seguran\u00e7a do reator.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Veja tamb\u00e9m:\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Circula\u00e7\u00e3o Natural\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/convection-convective-heat-transfer\/natural-convection-free-convection\/natural-circulation\/\"><span>Circula\u00e7\u00e3o Natural<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"su-spoiler-content su-clearfix\">\n<p>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/p>\n<p>Este artigo \u00e9 baseado na tradu\u00e7\u00e3o autom\u00e1tica do artigo original em ingl\u00eas. Para mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es, consulte o artigo em ingl\u00eas. Voc\u00ea pode nos ajudar. Se voc\u00ea deseja corrigir a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o, envie-a para: translations@nuclear-power.com ou preencha o formul\u00e1rio de tradu\u00e7\u00e3o on-line. Agradecemos sua ajuda, atualizaremos a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o o mais r\u00e1pido poss\u00edvel. Obrigado.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural, tamb\u00e9m conhecida como convec\u00e7\u00e3o livre, \u00e9 um mecanismo ou tipo de transporte de massa e calor, no qual o movimento do fluido \u00e9 gerado apenas por diferen\u00e7as de densidade no fluido.\u00a0Engenharia T\u00e9rmica Convec\u00e7\u00e3o Natural &#8211; Convec\u00e7\u00e3o Livre Em geral, a\u00a0convec\u00e7\u00e3o\u00a0\u00e9 a transfer\u00eancia de massa ou a transfer\u00eancia de calor devido ao movimento &#8230; <a title=\"O que \u00e9 convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural &#8211; convec\u00e7\u00e3o livre &#8211; defini\u00e7\u00e3o\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-conveccao-natural-conveccao-livre-definicao\/\" aria-label=\"More on O que \u00e9 convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural &#8211; convec\u00e7\u00e3o livre &#8211; defini\u00e7\u00e3o\">Ler mais<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[14],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>O que \u00e9 convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural - convec\u00e7\u00e3o livre - defini\u00e7\u00e3o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A convec\u00e7\u00e3o natural, tamb\u00e9m conhecida como convec\u00e7\u00e3o livre, \u00e9 um mecanismo ou tipo de transporte de massa e calor, no qual o movimento do fluido \u00e9 gerado apenas por diferen\u00e7as de densidade no fluido. 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