{"id":51795,"date":"2020-01-31T12:43:21","date_gmt":"2020-01-31T11:43:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/o-que-e-propriedade-essencial-da-agua-definicao\/"},"modified":"2020-01-31T12:44:51","modified_gmt":"2020-01-31T11:44:51","slug":"o-que-e-propriedade-essencial-da-agua-definicao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-propriedade-essencial-da-agua-definicao\/","title":{"rendered":"O que \u00e9 propriedade essencial da \u00e1gua &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\">\n<div class=\"su-quote-inner su-clearfix\">a \u00e1gua \u00e9 uma subst\u00e2ncia not\u00e1vel com muitas propriedades surpreendentes.\u00a0A \u00e1gua \u00e9 um meio comum tamb\u00e9m na engenharia nuclear, porque as propriedades da \u00e1gua s\u00e3o muito conhecidas.\u00a0Engenharia T\u00e9rmica<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2>\u00c1gua<\/h2>\n<p><strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/properties-of-water-min.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-16057 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/properties-of-water-min-166x300.jpg\" alt=\"propriedades da \u00e1gua\" width=\"166\" height=\"300\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/properties-of-water-min-166x300.jpg\" \/><\/a>A \u00e1gua<\/strong>\u00a0\u00e9 uma subst\u00e2ncia transparente e quase incolor composta pelos elementos qu\u00edmicos\u00a0<strong>hidrog\u00eanio<\/strong>\u00a0e\u00a0<strong>oxig\u00eanio<\/strong>\u00a0, que s\u00e3o conectados por\u00a0<strong>liga\u00e7\u00f5es covalentes<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Na Terra, a \u00e1gua existe nos\u00a0<strong>estados<\/strong>\u00a0gasoso (\u00a0<strong>vapor<\/strong>\u00a0ou\u00a0<strong>vapor d&#8217;\u00e1gua<\/strong>\u00a0),\u00a0<strong>l\u00edquido<\/strong>\u00a0e\u00a0<strong>s\u00f3lido<\/strong>\u00a0(gelo).\u00a0\u00c9 um dos compostos mais abundantes e essenciais e \u00e9 o principal constituinte dos c\u00f3rregos, lagos e oceanos da Terra e os fluidos da maioria dos organismos vivos.\u00a0\u00c9 vital para todas as formas de vida conhecidas.<\/p>\n<p>Al\u00e9m de essencial \u00e0 vida, a \u00e1gua \u00e9 uma subst\u00e2ncia not\u00e1vel com muitas propriedades surpreendentes.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u00c9 o\u00a0<strong>\u00fanico composto qu\u00edmico<\/strong>\u00a0que ocorre\u00a0<strong>naturalmente em todos os tr\u00eas estados f\u00edsicos<\/strong>\u00a0&#8211;\u00a0<strong>estados<\/strong>\u00a0gasoso (vapor ou vapor de \u00e1gua), l\u00edquido e s\u00f3lido (gelo).<\/li>\n<li>\u00c9 o\u00a0<strong>\u00fanico l\u00edquido inorg\u00e2nico<\/strong>\u00a0que ocorre naturalmente na Terra.<\/li>\n<li>A \u00e1gua tamb\u00e9m difere da maioria dos l\u00edquidos, pois se torna\u00a0<strong>menos densa \u00e0 medida que congela<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Tem uma densidade m\u00e1xima de 3,98 \u00b0 C (1000 kg \/ m\u00a0<sup>3<\/sup>\u00a0), enquanto a densidade do gelo \u00e9 de 917 kg \/ m\u00a0<sup>3<\/sup>\u00a0.\u00a0Difere em cerca de 9% e, portanto, o\u00a0<strong>gelo flutua<\/strong>\u00a0na \u00e1gua l\u00edquida<\/li>\n<li><strong>A \u00e1gua<\/strong>\u00a0tem o\u00a0<strong>calor espec\u00edfico mais alto<\/strong>\u00a0de qualquer subst\u00e2ncia comum &#8211; 4,19 kJ \/ kg K.<\/li>\n<li>Possui um calor de vaporiza\u00e7\u00e3o muito alto, o que o torna um\u00a0<strong>fluido de arrefecimento eficaz<\/strong>\u00a0e\u00a0<strong>m\u00e9dio<\/strong>\u00a0em usinas termel\u00e9tricas e outras ind\u00fastrias de energia.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Usos da \u00e1gua na engenharia nuclear<\/span><\/h2>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>\u00c1gua como fluido de refrigera\u00e7\u00e3o do reator<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><strong><br \/>\n<span>\u00c1gua e vapor<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0s\u00e3o um fluido comum usado para\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>a troca de calor<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0no circuito prim\u00e1rio (da superf\u00edcie das barras de combust\u00edvel ao fluxo do l\u00edquido de refrigera\u00e7\u00e3o) e no circuito secund\u00e1rio.\u00a0\u00c9 utilizado devido \u00e0 sua\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>disponibilidade<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0e\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>alta capacidade de calor,<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0tanto para refrigera\u00e7\u00e3o quanto para aquecimento.\u00a0\u00c9 especialmente eficaz para transportar calor atrav\u00e9s da\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>vaporiza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0e\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>condensa\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0da \u00e1gua devido ao seu\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>calor latente muito grande de vaporiza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Uma desvantagem \u00e9 que os reatores moderados a \u00e1gua precisam usar\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>o circuito prim\u00e1rio de alta press\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0para manter a \u00e1gua no\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>estado l\u00edquido<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0e para obter efici\u00eancia termodin\u00e2mica suficiente.\u00a0\u00c1gua e vapor tamb\u00e9m reagem com metais comumente encontrados em ind\u00fastrias como a\u00e7o e cobre, que s\u00e3o oxidados mais rapidamente por \u00e1gua e vapor n\u00e3o tratados.\u00a0Em quase todas as centrais t\u00e9rmicas (carv\u00e3o, g\u00e1s, nuclear), a \u00e1gua \u00e9 usada como fluido de trabalho (usado em um circuito fechado entre caldeira, turbina a vapor e condensador) e o l\u00edquido de arrefecimento (usado para trocar o calor residual por um corpo de \u00e1gua) ou carregue-o por evapora\u00e7\u00e3o em uma torre de resfriamento).<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_16050\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16050\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Steam-Tables.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-16050 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Steam-Tables-266x300.png\" alt=\"Propriedades da \u00e1gua - mesas a vapor\" width=\"266\" height=\"300\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Steam-Tables-266x300.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-16050\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Tabelas a vapor &#8211; par\u00e2metros comuns em sistemas de energia<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong><span>\u00c1gua e vapor<\/span><span>\u00a0s\u00e3o um meio comum, porque suas propriedades s\u00e3o muito\u00a0<\/span><span>conhecidas<\/span><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Suas propriedades est\u00e3o tabuladas nas chamadas &#8221;\u00a0<\/span><span>Tabelas Steam<\/span><span>\u00a0&#8220;.\u00a0Nessas tabelas, as propriedades b\u00e1sicas e principais, como press\u00e3o, temperatura, entalpia, densidade e calor espec\u00edfico, s\u00e3o tabuladas ao longo da curva de satura\u00e7\u00e3o vapor-l\u00edquido em fun\u00e7\u00e3o da temperatura e da press\u00e3o.\u00a0As propriedades tamb\u00e9m s\u00e3o tabuladas para estados monof\u00e1sicos (\u00a0<\/span><span>\u00e1gua compactada<\/span><span>\u00a0ou\u00a0<\/span><span>vapor superaquecido<\/span><span>\u00a0) em uma grade de temperaturas e press\u00f5es que se estendem a 2000 \u00baC e 1000 MPa.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>Outros dados\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/webbook.nist.gov\/chemistry\/fluid\/\"><span>oficiais<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0abrangentes podem ser encontrados na\u00a0p\u00e1gina\u00a0do\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/webbook.nist.gov\/chemistry\/fluid\/\">NIST Webbook<\/a>\u00a0sobre propriedades termof\u00edsicas de fluidos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Veja tamb\u00e9m: Tabelas Steam<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>\u00c1gua como moderador<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a title=\"Moderador de n\u00eautrons\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/neutron-moderator\/\"><span>O moderador de n\u00eautrons<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0, que \u00e9 importante em\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>reatores t\u00e9rmicos<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, \u00e9 usado para moderar, ou seja, desacelerar os n\u00eautrons da\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Fic\u00e3o nuclear\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/fission\/\"><span>fiss\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0para as\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Energia de n\u00eautrons\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutron\/neutron-energy\/\"><span>energias t\u00e9rmicas<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.\u00a0N\u00facleos com\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>baixo n\u00famero de massa<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0s\u00e3o mais eficazes para essa finalidade, portanto, o moderador \u00e9 sempre um material com baixo n\u00famero de massa.\u00a0Os moderadores comumente usados \u200b\u200bincluem\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u00e1gua (leve) comum<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(aproximadamente 75% dos reatores do mundo),\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>grafite<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0s\u00f3lida\u00a0(20% dos reatores) e\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u00e1gua pesada<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(5% dos reatores).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Na maioria dos reatores nucleares<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, a \u00e1gua \u00e9\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>um refrigerante e um moderador<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0A modera\u00e7\u00e3o ocorre especialmente nos n\u00facleos de hidrog\u00eanio.\u00a0No caso do\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>hidrog\u00eanio<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(A = 1) como n\u00facleo alvo, o n\u00eautron incidente pode ser completamente interrompido &#8211; possui o maior\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Diminui\u00e7\u00e3o m\u00e9dia da energia logar\u00edtmica\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/glossary\/neutron-moderatoraverage-logarithmic-energy-decrement\/\"><span>decr\u00e9scimo m\u00e9dio de energia logar\u00edtmica m\u00e9dio<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0de todos os n\u00facleos.\u00a0Por outro lado, os n\u00facleos de hidrog\u00eanio t\u00eam\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Se\u00e7\u00e3o transversal de absor\u00e7\u00e3o de n\u00eautrons\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/nuclear-engineering-fundamentals\/neutron-nuclear-reactions\/neutron-absorption\/neutron-absorption-cross-section\/\"><span>se\u00e7\u00e3o transversal de absor\u00e7\u00e3o<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0relativamente maior\u00a0, portanto a \u00e1gua n\u00e3o \u00e9 o melhor moderador de acordo com\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Raz\u00e3o Moderadora - RM\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/glossary\/moderating-ratio-mr\/\"><span>a raz\u00e3o moderadora<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Neutron-Moderators-Parameters.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-13684 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Neutron-Moderators-Parameters.png\" alt=\"Moderadores de n\u00eautrons - Par\u00e2metros\" width=\"666\" height=\"510\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Neutron-Moderators-Parameters.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>\u00c1gua como blindagem de n\u00eautrons<\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_12727\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12727\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/shielding_neutrons.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-12727 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/shielding_neutrons-300x275.png\" alt=\"Blindagem da radia\u00e7\u00e3o de n\u00eautrons\" width=\"300\" height=\"275\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/shielding_neutrons-300x275.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-12727\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>\u00c1gua como escudo de n\u00eautrons<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span>A \u00e1gua devido ao alto teor de hidrog\u00eanio e \u00e0 disponibilidade\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u00e9<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0uma\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>prote\u00e7\u00e3o\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><span><strong>efetiva<\/strong>\u00a0e comum aos\u00a0<strong>n\u00eautrons<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0No entanto, devido ao baixo n\u00famero at\u00f4mico de hidrog\u00eanio e oxig\u00eanio, a \u00e1gua n\u00e3o \u00e9 um escudo aceit\u00e1vel contra os raios gama.\u00a0Por outro lado, em alguns casos, essa desvantagem (baixa densidade) pode ser compensada pela alta espessura da prote\u00e7\u00e3o da \u00e1gua.\u00a0No caso de n\u00eautrons, a \u00e1gua modera perfeitamente os n\u00eautrons, mas com a absor\u00e7\u00e3o de n\u00eautrons pelos raios gama secund\u00e1rios do n\u00facleo de hidrog\u00eanio com alta energia s\u00e3o produzidos.\u00a0Esses raios gama penetram muito na mat\u00e9ria e, portanto, podem aumentar os requisitos de espessura da prote\u00e7\u00e3o da \u00e1gua.\u00a0Adicionando um\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"\u00c1cido b\u00f3rico - cal\u00e7o qu\u00edmico\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/glossary\/boron-10\/boric-acid-chemical-shim\/\"><span>\u00e1cido b\u00f3rico<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0pode ajudar com esse problema (absor\u00e7\u00e3o de n\u00eautrons nos n\u00facleos de boro sem forte emiss\u00e3o gama), mas resulta em outros problemas com a corros\u00e3o dos materiais de constru\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Veja tamb\u00e9m:\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Blindagem da radia\u00e7\u00e3o de n\u00eautrons\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-power\/reactor-physics\/atomic-nuclear-physics\/fundamental-particles\/neutron\/shielding-neutron-radiation\/\"><span>Blindagem de n\u00eautrons<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>\u00c1gua como prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra radia\u00e7\u00e3o gama<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Em resumo, a blindagem eficaz da radia\u00e7\u00e3o gama baseia-se na maioria dos casos no uso de materiais com duas propriedades de materiais a seguir:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>alta densidade de material.<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>alto n\u00famero at\u00f4mico de material (materiais com alto Z)<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_16039\" class=\"wp-caption alignright\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-16039\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/table-half-value-layer-gamma.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-16039 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/table-half-value-layer-gamma.png\" alt=\"Tabela de camadas de meio valor (em cm)\" width=\"270\" height=\"187\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/table-half-value-layer-gamma.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-16039\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Tabela de camadas de meio valor (em cm) para diferentes materiais com energias de raios gama de 100, 200 e 500 keV.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span>Embora a \u00e1gua\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>n\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0<span>seja de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>alta densidade\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span>nem de\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><span>alto material Z<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, ela \u00e9 comumente usada como escudos gama.\u00a0A \u00e1gua fornece uma prote\u00e7\u00e3o contra radia\u00e7\u00e3o dos conjuntos de combust\u00edvel em um pool de combust\u00edvel irradiado durante o armazenamento ou durante o transporte de e para o\u00a0<\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reactor-physics.com\/what-is-reactor-core-definition\/\"><span>n\u00facleo<\/span><\/a><\/strong><span>\u00a0do\u00a0<strong><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reactor-physics.com\/what-is-reactor-core-definition\/\">reator<\/a><\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0Embora a \u00e1gua seja um material de baixa densidade e baixo Z, \u00e9 comumente usada em usinas nucleares, porque essas desvantagens podem ser compensadas com o aumento da espessura.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Camada de metade do valor da \u00e1gua<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>A camada de metade do valor expressa a espessura do material absorvente necess\u00e1rio para reduzir a intensidade da radia\u00e7\u00e3o incidente por um\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>fator de dois<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Tabela de camadas de meio valor<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(em cm) para diferentes materiais com energias de raios gama de 100, 200 e 500 keV.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\"><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/p>\n<p>Este artigo \u00e9 baseado na tradu\u00e7\u00e3o autom\u00e1tica do artigo original em ingl\u00eas. Para mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es, consulte o artigo em ingl\u00eas. Voc\u00ea pode nos ajudar. Se voc\u00ea deseja corrigir a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o, envie-a para: translations@nuclear-power.com ou preencha o formul\u00e1rio de tradu\u00e7\u00e3o on-line. Agradecemos sua ajuda, atualizaremos a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o o mais r\u00e1pido poss\u00edvel. Obrigado.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>a \u00e1gua \u00e9 uma subst\u00e2ncia not\u00e1vel com muitas propriedades surpreendentes.\u00a0A \u00e1gua \u00e9 um meio comum tamb\u00e9m na engenharia nuclear, porque as propriedades da \u00e1gua s\u00e3o muito conhecidas.\u00a0Engenharia T\u00e9rmica \u00c1gua A \u00e1gua\u00a0\u00e9 uma subst\u00e2ncia transparente e quase incolor composta pelos elementos qu\u00edmicos\u00a0hidrog\u00eanio\u00a0e\u00a0oxig\u00eanio\u00a0, que s\u00e3o conectados por\u00a0liga\u00e7\u00f5es covalentes\u00a0.\u00a0Na Terra, a \u00e1gua existe nos\u00a0estados\u00a0gasoso (\u00a0vapor\u00a0ou\u00a0vapor d&#8217;\u00e1gua\u00a0),\u00a0l\u00edquido\u00a0e\u00a0s\u00f3lido\u00a0(gelo).\u00a0\u00c9 um dos &#8230; <a title=\"O que \u00e9 propriedade essencial da \u00e1gua &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-propriedade-essencial-da-agua-definicao\/\" aria-label=\"More on O que \u00e9 propriedade essencial da \u00e1gua &#8211; Defini\u00e7\u00e3o\">Ler mais<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[14],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>O que \u00e9 propriedade essencial da \u00e1gua - Defini\u00e7\u00e3o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"a \u00e1gua \u00e9 uma subst\u00e2ncia not\u00e1vel com muitas propriedades surpreendentes. 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