{"id":51943,"date":"2020-02-01T20:07:01","date_gmt":"2020-02-01T19:07:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/o-que-e-fluxo-turbulento-definicao\/"},"modified":"2020-02-01T20:10:59","modified_gmt":"2020-02-01T19:10:59","slug":"o-que-e-fluxo-turbulento-definicao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-fluxo-turbulento-definicao\/","title":{"rendered":"O que \u00e9 fluxo turbulento &#8211; defini\u00e7\u00e3o"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"su-quote su-quote-style-default\">\n<div class=\"su-quote-inner su-clearfix\">O fluxo turbulento \u00e9 caracterizado pelo movimento irregular de part\u00edculas (pode-se dizer ca\u00f3tico) do fluido. O fluxo turbulento tende a ocorrer em velocidades mais altas, com baixa viscosidade. Engenharia T\u00e9rmica<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-60 lgc-tablet-grid-60 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Fluxo turbulento<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Na din\u00e2mica de fluidos, o\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>fluxo turbulento<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 caracterizado pelo\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>movimento irregular<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de part\u00edculas (pode-se dizer\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>ca\u00f3tico<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0) do fluido.\u00a0Ao contr\u00e1rio do\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Fluxo Laminar - Fluxo Viscoso\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-fluxo-laminar-fluxo-viscoso-definicao\/\"><strong><span>fluxo laminar,<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0o fluido n\u00e3o flui em camadas paralelas, a mistura lateral \u00e9 muito alta e h\u00e1 uma ruptura entre as camadas.\u00a0A turbul\u00eancia tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 caracterizada por\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>recircula\u00e7\u00e3o, redemoinhos e aleatoriedade aparente<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0No fluxo turbulento, a velocidade do fluido em um ponto est\u00e1 continuamente sofrendo altera\u00e7\u00f5es na magnitude e na dire\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>O conhecimento detalhado do comportamento do regime de fluxo turbulento \u00e9 importante na engenharia, porque a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>maioria dos fluxos industriais<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, especialmente os\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Engenharia nuclear\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/\"><span>de engenharia nuclear,<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0s\u00e3o\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>turbulentos<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Infelizmente, o car\u00e1ter altamente intermitente e irregular da turbul\u00eancia\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>complica todas as an\u00e1lises<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0De fato, costuma-se dizer que a turbul\u00eancia \u00e9 o\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>&#8220;\u00faltimo problema n\u00e3o resolvido da f\u00edsica matem\u00e1tica cl\u00e1ssica&#8221;.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p><span>A principal ferramenta dispon\u00edvel para sua an\u00e1lise \u00e9 a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>an\u00e1lise CFD<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0O CFD \u00e9 um ramo da mec\u00e2nica de fluidos que utiliza an\u00e1lise e algoritmos num\u00e9ricos para resolver e analisar problemas que envolvem fluxos de fluidos turbulentos.\u00a0\u00c9 amplamente aceito que as\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>equa\u00e7\u00f5es de Navier-Stokes<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(ou\u00a0<strong>equa\u00e7\u00f5es<\/strong>\u00a0simplificadas\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>de Navier-Stokes, com m\u00e9dia de Reynolds<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0) s\u00e3o capazes de exibir solu\u00e7\u00f5es turbulentas, e essas equa\u00e7\u00f5es s\u00e3o a base de praticamente todos os c\u00f3digos CFD.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Veja tamb\u00e9m:\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Fluxo Interno\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/internal-flow\/\"><span>Fluxo interno<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Veja tamb\u00e9m:\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Fluxo externo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/external-flow\/\"><span>Fluxo externo<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span>Caracter\u00edsticas do fluxo turbulento<\/span><\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><span>O fluxo turbulento tende a ocorrer em\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>velocidades mais altas<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>baixa viscosidade<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0e em\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>dimens\u00f5es lineares caracter\u00edsticas<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0mais altas\u00a0.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Se o n\u00famero de Reynolds for maior que Re&gt; 3500, o fluxo ser\u00e1 turbulento.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Irregularidade:<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0O fluxo \u00e9 caracterizado pelo movimento irregular das part\u00edculas do fluido.\u00a0O movimento de part\u00edculas fluidas \u00e9 ca\u00f3tico.\u00a0Por esse motivo, o fluxo turbulento \u00e9 normalmente tratado estatisticamente, e n\u00e3o deterministicamente.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Difusividade:<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0No fluxo turbulento, existe uma distribui\u00e7\u00e3o de velocidade bastante plana na se\u00e7\u00e3o do tubo, com o resultado de que todo o fluido flui em um determinado valor \u00fanico e cai rapidamente extremamente perto das paredes.\u00a0A caracter\u00edstica respons\u00e1vel pela mistura aprimorada e aumento das taxas de transporte de massa, momento e energia em um fluxo \u00e9 chamada de &#8220;difusividade&#8221;.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Rotacionalidade: O<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00a0fluxo turbulento \u00e9 caracterizado por um forte mecanismo tridimensional de gera\u00e7\u00e3o de v\u00f3rtices.\u00a0Esse mecanismo \u00e9 conhecido como alongamento por v\u00f3rtice.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Dissipa\u00e7\u00e3o:<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0Um processo dissipativo \u00e9 um processo no qual a energia cin\u00e9tica do fluxo turbulento \u00e9 transformada em energia interna por tens\u00e3o de cisalhamento viscoso.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span>N\u00famero de Reynolds<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a title=\"N\u00famero de Reynolds\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/reynolds-number\/\"><strong><span>O n\u00famero de Reynolds<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00e9 a propor\u00e7\u00e3o de<\/span><strong><span>\u00a0for\u00e7as de in\u00e9rcia<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0para<\/span><strong><span>\u00a0as for\u00e7as viscosas<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0e \u00e9 um par\u00e2metro conveniente para prever se uma condi\u00e7\u00e3o de escoamento vai ser<\/span><strong><span>\u00a0laminar ou turbulento<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Pode-se interpretar que quando as<\/span><strong><span>\u00a0for\u00e7as viscosas<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0s\u00e3o dominantes (fluxo lento, Re baixo) s\u00e3o suficientes o suficiente para manter todas as part\u00edculas de fluido alinhadas, ent\u00e3o o fluxo \u00e9 laminar.\u00a0Mesmo Re muito baixo indica movimento de rastejamento viscoso, onde os efeitos de in\u00e9rcia s\u00e3o desprez\u00edveis.\u00a0Quando as<\/span><strong><span>\u00a0for\u00e7as inerciais dominam<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0sobre as for\u00e7as viscosas (quando o fluido est\u00e1 fluindo mais r\u00e1pido e Re \u00e9 maior), ent\u00e3o o fluxo \u00e9 turbulento.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Reynolds-Number.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-14465 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Reynolds-Number.png\" alt=\"N\u00famero de Reynolds\" width=\"563\" height=\"284\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Reynolds-Number.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>\u00c9 um n\u00famero sem dimens\u00e3o<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0composto pelas caracter\u00edsticas f\u00edsicas do fluxo.\u00a0Um n\u00famero crescente de Reynolds indica uma crescente turbul\u00eancia do fluxo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>\u00c9 definido como:<\/span><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Reynolds-number-formula.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-14445 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Reynolds-number-formula.png\" alt=\"N\u00famero de Reynolds\" width=\"229\" height=\"82\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Reynolds-number-formula.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>em que:<\/span><br \/>\n<span>V \u00e9 a velocidade do fluxo,<\/span><br \/>\n<span>D \u00e9 uma\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>dimens\u00e3o linear caracter\u00edstica<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(comprimento percorrido do fluido;\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Di\u00e2metro hidr\u00e1ulico\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/internal-flow\/hydraulic-diameter-2\/\"><span>di\u00e2metro hidr\u00e1ulico<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0etc.)<\/span><br \/>\n<span>\u03c1 densidade do fluido (kg \/ m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0),<\/span><br \/>\n<span>\u03bc viscosidade din\u00e2mica (Pa.s),<\/span><br \/>\n<span>\u03bd viscosidade cinem\u00e1tica ( m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0\/ s);\u00a0\u03bd = \u03bc \/ \u03c1.<\/span><\/p>\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-40 lgc-tablet-grid-40 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Fluxo Laminar vs. Turbulento<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Laminar-vs.-Turbulent-Flow.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-14400 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Laminar-vs.-Turbulent-Flow.png\" alt=\"Fluxo Laminar vs. Turbulento\" width=\"335\" height=\"567\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Laminar-vs.-Turbulent-Flow.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Fluxo laminar:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>Re &lt;2000<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>velocidade &#8216;baixa&#8217;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>Part\u00edculas fluidas se movem em\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>linhas retas<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>Camadas de \u00e1gua fluem umas sobre as outras em velocidades diferentes,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>praticamente sem mistura<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0entre as camadas.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>O perfil da velocidade do fluxo para o fluxo laminar em tubos circulares \u00e9 parab\u00f3lico, com um fluxo m\u00e1ximo no centro do tubo e um fluxo m\u00ednimo nas paredes do tubo.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>A velocidade m\u00e9dia do fluxo \u00e9 aproximadamente metade da velocidade m\u00e1xima.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>\u00c9 poss\u00edvel uma an\u00e1lise matem\u00e1tica simples.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Raro na pr\u00e1tica em sistemas de \u00e1gua<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong><span>Fluxo turbulento:<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span>Re&gt; 4000<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><span>&#8216;alta velocidade<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>O fluxo \u00e9 caracterizado pelo\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>movimento irregular<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de part\u00edculas do fluido.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>O movimento m\u00e9dio est\u00e1 na dire\u00e7\u00e3o do fluxo<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>O perfil de velocidade do fluxo para turbul\u00eancia \u00e9 bastante plano atrav\u00e9s da se\u00e7\u00e3o central de um tubo e cai rapidamente extremamente perto das paredes.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>A velocidade m\u00e9dia do fluxo \u00e9 aproximadamente igual \u00e0 velocidade no centro do tubo.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span>A an\u00e1lise matem\u00e1tica \u00e9 muito dif\u00edcil.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><strong><span>Tipo mais comum de fluxo<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<figure id=\"attachment_14392\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14392\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/External-Flow-tube.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-14392 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/External-Flow-tube-278x300.png\" alt=\"Fluxo externo - tubo\" width=\"278\" height=\"300\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/External-Flow-tube-278x300.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-14392\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Tubo em fluxo cruzado.<\/span><br \/>\n<span>Fonte: Blevins, RD (1990), Vibra\u00e7\u00e3o induzida por fluxo, 2\u00aa Edi\u00e7\u00e3o, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-divider su-divider-style-dotted\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Perfil de velocidade turbulenta<\/span><\/h2>\n<figure id=\"attachment_14420\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14420\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/velocity-profiles-internal-flow.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"size-full wp-image-14420 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/velocity-profiles-internal-flow.png\" alt=\"perfis de velocidade - fluxo interno\" width=\"546\" height=\"439\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/velocity-profiles-internal-flow.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-14420\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Fonte: Departamento de Energia dos EUA, TERMODIN\u00c2MICA, TRANSFER\u00caNCIA DE CALOR E FLUXO DE FLUIDO.\u00a0Manual de Fundamentos do DOE, Volume 1, 2 e 3. Junho de 1992.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2><\/h2>\n<h2><span>Perfil de velocidade da lei de pot\u00eancia &#8211; Perfil de velocidade turbulenta<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Power-law-velocity-profile.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-14475 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Power-law-velocity-profile-300x171.png\" alt=\"Perfil de velocidade da lei de pot\u00eancia\" width=\"300\" height=\"171\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Power-law-velocity-profile-300x171.png\" \/><\/a><span>O perfil de velocidade no\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>fluxo turbulento<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00e9 mais plano na parte central do tubo (ou seja, no n\u00facleo turbulento) do que no\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>fluxo laminar<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0A velocidade do fluxo cai rapidamente extremamente perto das paredes.\u00a0Isto \u00e9 devido \u00e0 difusividade do fluxo turbulento.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>No caso de fluxo de tubula\u00e7\u00e3o turbulento, existem muitos perfis de velocidade emp\u00edricos.\u00a0O mais simples e mais conhecido \u00e9 o\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>perfil de velocidade da lei de pot\u00eancia<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Power-law-velocity-profile-equation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-14474 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Power-law-velocity-profile-equation.png\" alt=\"Perfil da velocidade da lei de pot\u00eancia - equa\u00e7\u00e3o\" width=\"421\" height=\"65\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Power-law-velocity-profile-equation.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>onde o expoente n \u00e9 uma constante cujo valor depende do\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>n\u00famero de Reynolds<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Essa depend\u00eancia \u00e9 emp\u00edrica e \u00e9 mostrada na figura.\u00a0Em resumo, o valor n aumenta com o aumento do n\u00famero de Reynolds.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>O s\u00e9timo perfil de velocidade da lei da pot\u00eancia<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0aproxima muitos fluxos industriais.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_14476\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-14476\"><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Turbulent-flow-profiles.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-14476 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Turbulent-flow-profiles.png\" alt=\"Fluxo turbulento - perfis\" width=\"381\" height=\"398\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Turbulent-flow-profiles.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-14476\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span>Fluxo turbulento &#8211; perfis<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<h2><span>Exemplos de fluxo turbulento<\/span><\/h2>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<div class=\"su-accordion\">\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span>Exemplo: Fluxo atrav\u00e9s de uma tubula\u00e7\u00e3o prim\u00e1ria<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span>Exemplo: Fluxo atrav\u00e9s do n\u00facleo do reator<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spoiler su-spoiler-style-default su-spoiler-icon-plus su-spoiler-closed\">\n<ul>\n<li class=\"su-spoiler-title\" tabindex=\"0\" role=\"button\"><span>Exemplo: fuma\u00e7a saindo de um cigarro.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Camada limite turbulenta<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>O conceito de\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Camada limite\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-camada-de-limite-definicao\/\"><strong><span>camadas limite<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0\u00e9 importante em toda a din\u00e2mica de fluidos viscosos, aerodin\u00e2mica e tamb\u00e9m na teoria da transfer\u00eancia de calor.\u00a0As caracter\u00edsticas b\u00e1sicas de todas as camadas limite laminar e turbulenta s\u00e3o mostradas no fluxo em desenvolvimento sobre uma placa plana.\u00a0Os est\u00e1gios da forma\u00e7\u00e3o da camada limite s\u00e3o mostrados na figura abaixo:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Boundary-layer-on-flat-plate.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-large wp-image-14390 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Boundary-layer-on-flat-plate-1024x357.png\" alt=\"Camada limite na placa plana\" width=\"669\" height=\"233\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Boundary-layer-on-flat-plate-1024x357.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>As camadas de limite<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0podem ser\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>laminares<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0ou\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>turbulentas,<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0dependendo do valor do\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>n\u00famero de Reynolds<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Tamb\u00e9m aqui o n\u00famero de Reynolds representa a raz\u00e3o entre for\u00e7as de in\u00e9rcia e for\u00e7as viscosas e \u00e9 um par\u00e2metro conveniente para prever se uma condi\u00e7\u00e3o de fluxo ser\u00e1 laminar ou turbulenta.\u00a0\u00c9 definido como:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Reynolds-number-formula.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-14445 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Reynolds-number-formula.png\" alt=\"N\u00famero de Reynolds\" width=\"229\" height=\"82\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Reynolds-number-formula.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>em que V \u00e9 a velocidade m\u00e9dia do fluxo, D uma dimens\u00e3o linear caracter\u00edstica, \u03c1 densidade do fluido, \u03bc viscosidade din\u00e2mica e \u03bd viscosidade cinem\u00e1tica.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Para\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>n\u00fameros mais baixos de Reynolds<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0, a camada limite \u00e9 laminar e a velocidade no sentido do fluxo muda uniformemente \u00e0 medida que se afasta da parede, conforme mostrado no lado esquerdo da figura.\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u00c0 medida que o n\u00famero de Reynolds aumenta<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0(com x), o\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>fluxo se torna inst\u00e1vel<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0e, finalmente, para n\u00fameros mais altos de Reynolds, a camada limite \u00e9 turbulenta e a velocidade do fluxo \u00e9 caracterizada por fluxos inst\u00e1veis \u200b\u200b(mudando com o tempo) dentro da camada limite.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>A transi\u00e7\u00e3o da<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0camada limite\u00a0<strong>laminar para a turbulenta<\/strong>\u00a0ocorre quando o n\u00famero de Reynolds em x excede\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Re\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>x<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0~ 500.000<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0A transi\u00e7\u00e3o pode ocorrer mais cedo, mas depende principalmente da\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>rugosidade<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0da\u00a0<strong>superf\u00edcie<\/strong>\u00a0.\u00a0A camada limite turbulenta espessa mais rapidamente do que a camada limite laminar como resultado do aumento da tens\u00e3o de cisalhamento na superf\u00edcie do corpo.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Veja tamb\u00e9m:\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Espessura da camada limite\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/boundary-layer\/boundary-layer-thickness\/\"><span>Espessura da camada limite<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Veja tamb\u00e9m:\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Fluxo externo\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/external-flow\/\"><span>Tubo em fluxo cruzado &#8211; fluxo externo<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong><span>Refer\u00eancia especial:<\/span><\/strong><span> Schlichting Herrmann, Gersten Klaus. Teoria da camada limite, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2000, ISBN: 978-3-540-66270-9<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Fluxo Turbulento &#8211; Coeficiente de Transfer\u00eancia de Calor<\/span><\/h2>\n<h2><span>Fluxo Turbulento Externo<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>O\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"O que \u00e9 o n\u00famero Nusselt\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/introduction-to-heat-transfer\/characteristic-numbers\/what-is-nusselt-number\/\"><strong><span>n\u00famero<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>m\u00e9dio de\u00a0<a title=\"O que \u00e9 o n\u00famero Nusselt\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/introduction-to-heat-transfer\/characteristic-numbers\/what-is-nusselt-number\/\"><strong>Nusselt<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0em toda a placa \u00e9 determinado por:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/turbulent-flow-flat-plate-nusselt-number.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-20505 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/turbulent-flow-flat-plate-nusselt-number.png\" alt=\"fluxo turbulento - placa plana - n\u00famero de nusselt\" width=\"565\" height=\"243\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/turbulent-flow-flat-plate-nusselt-number.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Essa rela\u00e7\u00e3o fornece o\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Coeficiente de transfer\u00eancia de calor por convec\u00e7\u00e3o\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-coeficiente-de-transferencia-de-calor-por-conveccao-definicao\/\"><strong><span>coeficiente<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0m\u00e9dio de\u00a0<a title=\"Coeficiente de transfer\u00eancia de calor por convec\u00e7\u00e3o\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-coeficiente-de-transferencia-de-calor-por-conveccao-definicao\/\"><strong>transfer\u00eancia de calor<\/strong><\/a>\u00a0para a placa inteira somente quando o fluxo \u00e9\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Fluxo turbulento\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-fluxo-turbulento-definicao\/\"><strong><span>turbulento<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>sobre a placa inteira ou quando a\u00a0regi\u00e3o de\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Fluxo Laminar - Fluxo Viscoso\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-fluxo-laminar-fluxo-viscoso-definicao\/\"><span>fluxo laminar<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0da placa \u00e9 muito pequena em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0 regi\u00e3o do fluxo turbulento.<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><span>Fluxo Turbulento Interno &#8211; Dittus-Boelter<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Veja tamb\u00e9m:\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Equa\u00e7\u00e3o de Dittus-Boelter\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/convection-convective-heat-transfer\/dittus-boelter-equation\/\"><span>Equa\u00e7\u00e3o de Dittus-Boelter<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Para\u00a0\u00a0um\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Fluxo turbulento\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-fluxo-turbulento-definicao\/\"><span>fluxo turbulento<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0totalmente desenvolvido (hidrodinamicamente e termicamente)\u00a0\u00a0em um tubo circular liso, o\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"O que \u00e9 o n\u00famero Nusselt\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/introduction-to-heat-transfer\/characteristic-numbers\/what-is-nusselt-number\/\"><span>n\u00famero<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0local de\u00a0\u00a0<a title=\"O que \u00e9 o n\u00famero Nusselt\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/introduction-to-heat-transfer\/characteristic-numbers\/what-is-nusselt-number\/\">Nusselt<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0pode ser obtido a partir da conhecida\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>equa\u00e7\u00e3o de Dittus-Boelter<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0A\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>equa\u00e7\u00e3o Dittus\u00ae Boelter<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0\u00a0\u00e9 f\u00e1cil de resolver, mas \u00e9 menos precisa quando existe uma grande diferen\u00e7a de temperatura no\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Din\u00e2mica de Fluidos\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/\"><span>fluido<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0\u00a0e \u00e9 menos precisa para tubos \u00e1speros (muitas aplica\u00e7\u00f5es comerciais), pois \u00e9 adaptada para tubos lisos.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Dittus-Boelter-Equation-Formula.png?d484e7\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-20409 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Dittus-Boelter-Equation-Formula.png?d484e7\" alt=\"Equa\u00e7\u00e3o de Dittus-Boelter - F\u00f3rmula\" width=\"556\" height=\"278\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/Dittus-Boelter-Equation-Formula.png?d484e7\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>A\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Equa\u00e7\u00e3o de Dittus-Boelter\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/convection-convective-heat-transfer\/dittus-boelter-equation\/\"><strong><span>correla\u00e7\u00e3o de Dittus-Boelter<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0\u00a0pode ser usada para diferen\u00e7as de temperatura pequenas a moderadas, T\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>wall<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0\u00a0&#8211; T\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>avg<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0, com todas as propriedades avaliadas a uma temperatura\u00a0<\/span><sub><span>m\u00e9dia<\/span><\/sub><span>\u00a0T\u00a0<sub>avg<\/sub>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Para fluxos caracterizados por grandes varia\u00e7\u00f5es de propriedades, as corre\u00e7\u00f5es (por exemplo, um fator de corre\u00e7\u00e3o de viscosidade\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>\u03bc \/ \u03bc de\u00a0<\/span><\/strong><strong><sub><span>parede<\/span><\/sub><\/strong><span>\u00a0) devem ser levadas em considera\u00e7\u00e3o, por exemplo, como\u00a0recomendam\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"Equa\u00e7\u00e3o de Sieder-Tate\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/heat-transfer\/convection-convective-heat-transfer\/sieder-tate-equation\/\"><span>Sieder e Tate<\/span><\/a><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"su-spacer\"><\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<div class=\"lgc-column lgc-grid-parent lgc-grid-100 lgc-tablet-grid-100 lgc-mobile-grid-100 lgc-equal-heights  lgc-first lgc-last\">\n<div class=\"inside-grid-column\">\n<h2><span>Kolmogorov Microscales<\/span><\/h2>\n<p><span>Na vis\u00e3o de Kolmogorov (\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0era um matem\u00e1tico russo que fez contribui\u00e7\u00f5es significativas para a matem\u00e1tica da teoria das probabilidades e da turbul\u00eancia), movimentos turbulentos envolvem uma\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>ampla gama de escalas<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0De uma\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>macroescala<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0na qual a energia \u00e9 fornecida, a uma\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>microescala<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0na qual a energia \u00e9 dissipada pela viscosidade.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>Por exemplo, considere uma nuvem cumulus.\u00a0A\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>macroescala<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0da nuvem pode ser da ordem de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>quil\u00f4metros<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0e pode crescer ou persistir por longos per\u00edodos de tempo.\u00a0Dentro da nuvem,\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>redemoinhos<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0podem ocorrer em escalas da ordem de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>mil\u00edmetros<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Para fluxos menores, como em tubos, as micro-escalas podem ser muito menores.\u00a0A maior parte da energia cin\u00e9tica do fluxo turbulento est\u00e1 contida nas estruturas de macroescala.\u00a0A energia \u201ccascata\u201d dessas estruturas de macroescala para estruturas de microescala por um mecanismo inercial.\u00a0Esse processo \u00e9 conhecido como\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>cascata de energia turbulenta<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>As\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>menores escalas<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0em fluxo turbulento s\u00e3o conhecidas como\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>microescalas Kolmogorov<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Elas s\u00e3o pequenas o suficiente para que a difus\u00e3o molecular se torne importante e\u00a0ocorre a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>dissipa\u00e7\u00e3o viscosa da energia<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0e a energia cin\u00e9tica turbulenta \u00e9 dissipada no calor.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>As menores escalas em fluxo turbulento, ou seja, as\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>microescalas Kolmogorov<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0s\u00e3o:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/kolmogorov-microscales.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-14525 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/kolmogorov-microscales.png\" alt=\"kolmogorov microscales\" width=\"334\" height=\"178\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/kolmogorov-microscales.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>onde \u03b5 \u00e9 a taxa m\u00e9dia de taxa de dissipa\u00e7\u00e3o da energia cin\u00e9tica da turbul\u00eancia por unidade de massa e tem dimens\u00f5es (m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0\/ s\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>3<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0).\u00a0\u03bd \u00e9 a viscosidade cinem\u00e1tica do fluido e possui dimens\u00f5es (m\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>2<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0\/ s).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span>O tamanho do menor redemoinho no fluxo \u00e9 determinado pela viscosidade.\u00a0A\u00a0escala de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>comprimento de Kolmogorov<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0diminui \u00e0 medida que a viscosidade diminui.\u00a0Para\u00a0fluxos de\u00a0<\/span><a title=\"N\u00famero de Reynolds\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nuclear-power.com\/nuclear-engineering\/fluid-dynamics\/reynolds-number\/\"><strong><span>n\u00fameros Reynolds<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span>\u00a0muito altos\u00a0, as for\u00e7as viscosas s\u00e3o menores em rela\u00e7\u00e3o \u00e0s for\u00e7as inerciais.\u00a0Movimentos de menor escala s\u00e3o necessariamente gerados at\u00e9 que os efeitos da viscosidade se tornem importantes e a energia seja dissipada.\u00a0A propor\u00e7\u00e3o entre as escalas de maior e menor comprimento no fluxo turbulento \u00e9 proporcional ao n\u00famero de Reynolds (aumenta com a\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>pot\u00eancia de tr\u00eas quartos<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0).<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/kolmogorov-microscales-equation.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-14526 lazy-loaded\" src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/kolmogorov-microscales-equation.png\" alt=\"microscales de kolmogorov - equa\u00e7\u00e3o\" width=\"212\" height=\"77\" data-lazy-type=\"image\" data-src=\"https:\/\/thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/05\/kolmogorov-microscales-equation.png\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><span>Isso faz com que simula\u00e7\u00f5es num\u00e9ricas diretas de fluxo turbulento sejam praticamente imposs\u00edveis.\u00a0Por exemplo, considere um fluxo com um\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>n\u00famero<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0de\u00a0<strong>Reynolds<\/strong>\u00a0de\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>10\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>6<\/span><\/sup><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Nesse caso, a raz\u00e3o L \/ l \u00e9 proporcional a 10\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>18\/4<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Como temos que analisar o problema tridimensional, precisamos calcular uma grade que consiste em pelo menos\u00a0<\/span><strong><span>10\u00a0<\/span><sup><span>14<\/span><\/sup><span>\u00a0pontos de grade<\/span><\/strong><span>\u00a0.\u00a0Isso excede em muito a capacidade e as possibilidades dos computadores existentes.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div><\/div>\n<div>\n<p>&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;&#8230;.<\/p>\n<p>Este artigo \u00e9 baseado na tradu\u00e7\u00e3o autom\u00e1tica do artigo original em ingl\u00eas. Para mais informa\u00e7\u00f5es, consulte o artigo em ingl\u00eas. Voc\u00ea pode nos ajudar. Se voc\u00ea deseja corrigir a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o, envie-a para: translations@nuclear-power.com ou preencha o formul\u00e1rio de tradu\u00e7\u00e3o on-line. Agradecemos sua ajuda, atualizaremos a tradu\u00e7\u00e3o o mais r\u00e1pido poss\u00edvel. Obrigado.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>O fluxo turbulento \u00e9 caracterizado pelo movimento irregular de part\u00edculas (pode-se dizer ca\u00f3tico) do fluido. O fluxo turbulento tende a ocorrer em velocidades mais altas, com baixa viscosidade. Engenharia T\u00e9rmica Fluxo turbulento Na din\u00e2mica de fluidos, o\u00a0fluxo turbulento\u00a0\u00e9 caracterizado pelo\u00a0movimento irregular\u00a0de part\u00edculas (pode-se dizer\u00a0ca\u00f3tico\u00a0) do fluido.\u00a0Ao contr\u00e1rio do\u00a0fluxo laminar,\u00a0o fluido n\u00e3o flui em camadas paralelas, &#8230; <a title=\"O que \u00e9 fluxo turbulento &#8211; defini\u00e7\u00e3o\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/pt-br\/o-que-e-fluxo-turbulento-definicao\/\" aria-label=\"More on O que \u00e9 fluxo turbulento &#8211; defini\u00e7\u00e3o\">Ler mais<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[14],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>O que \u00e9 fluxo turbulento - defini\u00e7\u00e3o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"O fluxo turbulento \u00e9 caracterizado pelo movimento irregular de part\u00edculas (pode-se dizer ca\u00f3tico) do fluido. 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