{"id":673602,"date":"2024-10-05T18:40:40","date_gmt":"2024-10-05T17:40:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/?p=673602"},"modified":"2024-10-05T18:40:40","modified_gmt":"2024-10-05T17:40:40","slug":"cach-hoat-dong-cua-he-thong-lam-lanh-sieu-lanh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/cach-hoat-dong-cua-he-thong-lam-lanh-sieu-lanh\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00e1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"sidekick\">T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao.<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/cach_hoat_dong_cua_he_thong_lam_lanh_sieu_lanh.png\" alt=\"C\u00e1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e1ch Ho\u1ea1t \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ec7 Th\u1ed1ng L\u00e0m L\u1ea1nh Si\u00eau L\u1ea1nh<\/h2>\n<p>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1eeb l\u01b0u tr\u1eef vaccine t\u1edbi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p, th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u01b0\u1edbi -150\u00b0C. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh:<\/p>\n<h2>Nguy\u00ean L\u00fd Ho\u1ea1t \u0110\u1ed9ng<\/h2>\n<p>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p sau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p:<\/p>\n<p><u1><\/p>\n<li>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh b\u1eb1ng kh\u00ed h\u00f3a l\u1ecfng<\/li>\n<li>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Stirling<\/li>\n<li>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5<\/li>\n<p><\/u1><\/p>\n<h3>H\u1ec7 Th\u1ed1ng L\u00e0m L\u1ea1nh B\u1eb1ng Kh\u00ed H\u00f3a L\u1ecfng<\/h3>\n<p>Kh\u00ed h\u00f3a l\u1ecfng nh\u01b0 nit\u01a1 l\u1ecfng \\((N_2)\\) v\u00e0 hydro l\u1ecfng \\((H_2)\\) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00ed sang l\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec7t:<\/p>\n<p><o1><\/p>\n<li>Kh\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e9n \u1edf \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng.<\/li>\n<li>Kh\u00ed sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 h\u00f3a l\u1ecfng th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf \u0111\u1eb3ng nhi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1eb3ng \u00e1p.<\/li>\n<li>Ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh bay h\u01a1i.<\/li>\n<p><\/o1><\/p>\n<p>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, nit\u01a1 l\u1ecfng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u00f4i kho\u1ea3ng -196\u00b0C.<\/p>\n<h3>H\u1ec7 Th\u1ed1ng Stirling<\/h3>\n<p>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Stirling s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y n\u00e9n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y d\u00e3n n\u1edf (expander) \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n ra trong hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n<p><o1><\/p>\n<li>Pha n\u00f3ng: Kh\u00ed n\u00e9n \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y qua m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 trao \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t, n\u01a1i n\u00f3 m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh.<\/li>\n<li>Pha l\u1ea1nh: Kh\u00ed gi\u00e3n n\u1edf \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p, h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh.<\/li>\n<p><\/o1><\/p>\n<p>Chu tr\u00ecnh Stirling r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<h3>H\u1ec7 Th\u1ed1ng L\u00e0m L\u1ea1nh H\u1ea5p Th\u1ee5<\/h3>\n<p>Trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng nhi\u1ec7t d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 (solvent) v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t tan (solute). Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, ammoniac \\((NH_3)\\) v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \\((H_2O)\\) th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng:<\/p>\n<p><o1><\/p>\n<li>Ch\u1ea5t tan (nh\u01b0 ammoniac) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2a tan trong ch\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 (nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra dung d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p.<\/li>\n<li>H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p dung m\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch ch\u1ea5t tan ra kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho l\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp theo.<\/li>\n<p><\/o1><\/p>\n<p>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng cao b\u1eb1ng hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 \u01b0u \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y n\u00e9n c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc, gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed3n v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec.<\/p>\n<h2>K\u1ebft Lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. T\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00ed h\u00f3a l\u1ecfng nh\u01b0 nit\u01a1 l\u1ecfng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Stirling, \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5, m\u1ed7i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u01b0u v\u00e0 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang t\u00f9y theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[132],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>C\u00e1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/cach-hoat-dong-cua-he-thong-lam-lanh-sieu-lanh\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"C\u00e1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/cach-hoat-dong-cua-he-thong-lam-lanh-sieu-lanh\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Thermal Engineering\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-10-05T17:40:40+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/cach_hoat_dong_cua_he_thong_lam_lanh_sieu_lanh.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\">\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Nick Connor\">\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\">\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutes\">\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/\",\"name\":\"Thermal Engineering\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/?s={search_term_string}\",\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"vi-VN\"},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/cach-hoat-dong-cua-he-thong-lam-lanh-sieu-lanh\/#primaryimage\",\"inLanguage\":\"vi-VN\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/cach_hoat_dong_cua_he_thong_lam_lanh_sieu_lanh.png\",\"width\":1000,\"height\":1000,\"caption\":\"C\\u00e1ch ho\\u1ea1t \\u0111\\u1ed9ng c\\u1ee7a h\\u1ec7 th\\u1ed1ng l\\u00e0m l\\u1ea1nh si\\u00eau l\\u1ea1nh\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/cach-hoat-dong-cua-he-thong-lam-lanh-sieu-lanh\/#webpage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/cach-hoat-dong-cua-he-thong-lam-lanh-sieu-lanh\/\",\"name\":\"C\\u00e1ch ho\\u1ea1t \\u0111\\u1ed9ng c\\u1ee7a h\\u1ec7 th\\u1ed1ng l\\u00e0m l\\u1ea1nh si\\u00eau l\\u1ea1nh\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/cach-hoat-dong-cua-he-thong-lam-lanh-sieu-lanh\/#primaryimage\"},\"datePublished\":\"2024-10-05T17:40:40+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-10-05T17:40:40+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/e8c544db9afedaec8574d6464f9398bb\"},\"description\":\"T\\u00ecm hi\\u1ec3u c\\u00e1ch h\\u1ec7 th\\u1ed1ng l\\u00e0m l\\u1ea1nh si\\u00eau l\\u1ea1nh ho\\u1ea1t \\u0111\\u1ed9ng, \\u1ee9ng d\\u1ee5ng k\\u1ef9 thu\\u1eadt nhi\\u1ec7t \\u0111\\u1ec3 t\\u1ea1o ra nhi\\u1ec7t \\u0111\\u1ed9 c\\u1ef1c th\\u1ea5p nh\\u1eb1m b\\u1ea3o qu\\u1ea3n, nghi\\u00ean c\\u1ee9u v\\u00e0 \\u1ee9ng d\\u1ee5ng c\\u00f4ng ngh\\u1ec7 cao.\",\"inLanguage\":\"vi-VN\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/cach-hoat-dong-cua-he-thong-lam-lanh-sieu-lanh\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/e8c544db9afedaec8574d6464f9398bb\",\"name\":\"Nick Connor\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/#personlogo\",\"inLanguage\":\"vi-VN\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/84c0dec310b44b65da29dc9df6925239?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Nick Connor\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/673602"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=673602"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/673602\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=673602"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=673602"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=673602"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}