{"id":673738,"date":"2024-10-18T16:53:40","date_gmt":"2024-10-18T15:53:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/?p=673738"},"modified":"2024-10-18T16:53:40","modified_gmt":"2024-10-18T15:53:40","slug":"chu-trinh-nhiet-dong-hoc-lam-the-nao-de-cung-cap-nang-luong-cho-dong-co","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/chu-trinh-nhiet-dong-hoc-lam-the-nao-de-cung-cap-nang-luong-cho-dong-co\/","title":{"rendered":"Chu tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"sidekick\">Chu tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng sang c\u01a1 n\u0103ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/chu_trinh_nhiet_dong_hoc_lam_the_nao_de_cung_cap_nang_luong_cho_dong_co.png\" alt=\"Chu tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>Chu tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1<\/h2>\n<p>Chu tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 n\u0103ng. Nh\u1eefng chu tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, t\u1eeb xe h\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chu tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1.<\/p>\n<h2>1. Chu tr\u00ecnh Carnot<\/h2>\n<p>Chu tr\u00ecnh Carnot \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 chu tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1edfi Sadi Carnot. N\u00f3 g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n b\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nhi\u1ec7t<\/em>: Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf \u0111\u1eb3ng nhi\u1ec7t.<\/li>\n<li><em>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng \u00e1p<\/em>: H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e3n n\u1edf th\u00eam t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00e1p su\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<li><em>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng d\u1ecb<\/em>: Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf kh\u1ecfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 co l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb3ng nhi\u1ec7t.<\/li>\n<li><em>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng \u00e1p<\/em>: H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng co l\u1ea1i h\u01a1n n\u1eefa t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng d\u1ea7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00e1p su\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a chu tr\u00ecnh Carnot \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n<p>\\(\\eta = 1 &#8211; \\frac{T_{l\u1ea1nh}}{T_{n\u00f3ng}}\\)<\/p>\n<p>trong \u0111\u00f3 \\(T_{l\u1ea1nh}\\) v\u00e0 \\(T_{n\u00f3ng}\\) l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n nhi\u1ec7t l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 n\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Chu tr\u00ecnh Otto<\/h2>\n<p>Chu tr\u00ecnh Otto l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 x\u0103ng trong xe h\u01a1i. N\u00f3 g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><em>H\u00fat kh\u00ed<\/em>: Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed v\u00e0 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00fat v\u00e0o xi lanh.<\/li>\n<li><em>N\u00e9n<\/em>: Piston n\u00e9n h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed-nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<li><em>\u0110\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y<\/em>: H\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y b\u1edfi bugi, khi \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p n\u1edf ra \u0111\u1ea9y piston xu\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<li><em>X\u1ea3<\/em>: Kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi xi lanh v\u00e0 chu tr\u00ecnh l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a chu tr\u00ecnh Otto c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n<p>\\(\\eta = 1 &#8211; \\frac{1}{r^{\\gamma-1}}\\)<\/p>\n<p>trong \u0111\u00f3 \\(r\\) l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 s\u1ed1 n\u00e9n v\u00e0 \\(\\gamma\\) l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec7t dung ri\u00eang (x\u1ea5p x\u1ec9 1.4 cho h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed-nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u).<\/p>\n<h2>3. Chu tr\u00ecnh Diesel<\/h2>\n<p>Chu tr\u00ecnh Diesel \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 diesel. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng g\u1ed3m b\u1ed1n b\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><em>H\u00fat kh\u00ed<\/em>: Kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00fat v\u00e0o xi lanh.<\/li>\n<li><em>N\u00e9n<\/em>: Piston n\u00e9n kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y khi nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u01a1m v\u00e0o.<\/li>\n<li><em>\u0110\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y<\/em>: Nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eam v\u00e0o xi lanh v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 b\u1ed1c ch\u00e1y l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed n\u1edf ra \u0111\u1ea9y piston xu\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<li><em>X\u1ea3<\/em>: Kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi xi lanh v\u00e0 chu tr\u00ecnh l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a chu tr\u00ecnh Diesel c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n<p>\\(\\eta = 1 &#8211; \\left(\\frac{T_{l\u1ea1nh}}{T_{n\u00f3ng}}\\right)^{k}\\)<\/p>\n<p>trong \u0111\u00f3 \\(k\\) l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa h\u01a1i nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed.<\/p>\n<h2>K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>C\u1ea3 ba chu tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb c\u00e1ch n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1. D\u00f9 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Chu tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng sang c\u01a1 n\u0103ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[132],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Chu tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t 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