{"id":677672,"date":"2024-08-14T10:33:19","date_gmt":"2024-08-14T09:33:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/?p=677672"},"modified":"2024-08-14T10:33:19","modified_gmt":"2024-08-14T09:33:19","slug":"lam-the-nao-truyen-nhiet-vi-mo-khac-biet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/lam-the-nao-truyen-nhiet-vi-mo-khac-biet\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t vi m\u00f4 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"sidekick\">S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t vi m\u00f4 so v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t v\u0129 m\u00f4, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/lam_the_nao_truyen_nhiet_vi_mo_khac_biet.png\" alt=\"L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t vi m\u00f4 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>L\u00e0m Th\u1ebf N\u00e0o Truy\u1ec1n Nhi\u1ec7t Vi M\u00f4 Kh\u00e1c Bi\u1ec7t<\/h2>\n<p>Truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c. Trong khi truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t v\u0129 m\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng, truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t vi m\u00f4 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. H\u00e3y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<h2>Kh\u00e1i Ni\u1ec7m Truy\u1ec1n Nhi\u1ec7t Vi M\u00f4<\/h2>\n<p>Truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t vi m\u00f4 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf quy m\u00f4 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf m\u1ee9c micro m\u00e9t (\u03bcm) ho\u1eb7c nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, vi x\u1eed l\u00fd, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng vi c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed (MEMS).<\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e1c C\u01a1 Ch\u1ebf Truy\u1ec1n Nhi\u1ec7t Vi M\u00f4<\/h2>\n<p>Truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf quy m\u00f4 vi m\u00f4 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t d\u1eabn (conduction): \u1ede quy m\u00f4 vi m\u00f4, truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t d\u1eabn b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t mang nhi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 phonon v\u00e0 electron.<\/li>\n<li>Truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 (radiation): B\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t v\u1eabn x\u1ea3y ra, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf quy m\u00f4 vi m\u00f4, c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng s\u00f3ng ng\u1eafn v\u00e0 quang t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>S\u1ef1 Kh\u00e1c Bi\u1ec7t Ch\u00ednh<\/h2>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Quy m\u00f4 v\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee8ng B\u1ec1 M\u1eb7t:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Khi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t so v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 t\u00edch t\u0103ng l\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u1edf n\u00ean chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee8ng Quantal:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>\u1ede quy m\u00f4 vi m\u00f4, c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng quang t\u1eed v\u00e0 phonon, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u00ecnh Fourier trong Truy\u1ec1n Nhi\u1ec7t Vi M\u00f4<\/h2>\n<p>Trong truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t v\u0129 m\u00f4, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Fourier \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0:<\/p>\n<p>\\( q = -k \\nabla T \\)<\/p>\n<p>V\u1edbi:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>q l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t<\/li>\n<li>k l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t<\/li>\n<li>\\(\\nabla T\\) l\u00e0 gradient nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u1edf quy m\u00f4 vi m\u00f4, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n<p>\\( q = -\\alpha k \\nabla T \\)<\/p>\n<p>V\u1edbi \\(\\alpha\\) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t va ch\u1ea1m.<\/p>\n<h2>\u1ee8ng D\u1ee5ng Truy\u1ec1n Nhi\u1ec7t Vi M\u00f4<\/h2>\n<p>Truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t vi m\u00f4 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Vi X\u1eed L\u00fd:<\/strong> C\u00e1c vi x\u1eed l\u00fd trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb di \u0111\u1ed9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1i \u01b0u.<\/li>\n<li><strong>MEMS:<\/strong> C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng vi c\u01a1 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb y t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t vi m\u00f4.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0110i\u1ec7n T\u1eed Nano:<\/strong> Truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t vi m\u00f4 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed \u1edf m\u1ee9c nano, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>K\u1ebft Lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>Truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t vi m\u00f4 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, cung c\u1ea5p hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t di chuy\u1ec3n \u1edf quy m\u00f4 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf. Hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t vi m\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t vi m\u00f4 so v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t v\u0129 m\u00f4, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[132],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>L\u00e0m 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