{"id":678723,"date":"2024-08-06T18:24:46","date_gmt":"2024-08-06T17:24:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/?p=678723"},"modified":"2024-08-06T18:24:46","modified_gmt":"2024-08-06T17:24:46","slug":"nhiet-dong-hoc-cua-buc-xa-ho-den-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/nhiet-dong-hoc-cua-buc-xa-ho-den-la-gi\/","title":{"rendered":"Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 h\u1ed1 \u0111en l\u00e0 g\u00ec"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 h\u1ed1 \u0111en gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed1 \u0111en ph\u00e1t ra b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed.<\/p>\n

\"Nhi\u1ec7t<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 h\u1ed1 \u0111en l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n

Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 h\u1ed1 \u0111en l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u quan tr\u1ecdng trong v\u1eadt l\u00fd, k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1ed1 \u0111en \u2013 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc h\u1ed1 \u0111en v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 h\u1ed1 \u0111en.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ed1 \u0111en<\/h2>\n
    \n
  1. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t:<\/strong> B\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ed1 \u0111en. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nguy\u00ean l\u00fd n\u00e0y cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ed5ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1 \u0111en v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 xung quanh n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n ra.<\/li>\n
  2. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd th\u1ee9 hai:<\/strong> Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u00ean trong ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1 \u0111en kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u0103ng entropy trong nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc.<\/li>\n
  3. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd th\u1ee9 ba:<\/strong> Khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ed1 \u0111en ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng, entropy c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean l\u00fd th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc, cho r\u1eb1ng entropy c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng g\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 zero tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n
  4. Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd th\u1ee9 t\u01b0:<\/strong> Quy t\u1eafc b\u1ed1n chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc h\u1ed1 \u0111en. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 Hawking<\/h2>\n

    Stephen Hawking \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng h\u1ed1 \u0111en kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t ra b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 Hawking. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra do c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed g\u1ea7n ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ed1 \u0111en. Theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Hawking, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 h\u1ed1 \u0111en c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

    \\[
    \nT_{H} = \\frac{\\hbar c^3}{8 \\pi G M k_{B}}
    \n\\]\n

    Trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n

      \n
    • \\( T_{H} \\) l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 Hawking<\/li>\n
    • \\( \\hbar \\) l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Planck gi\u1ea3m<\/li>\n
    • \\( c \\) l\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng<\/li>\n
    • \\( G \\) l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn<\/li>\n
    • \\( M \\) l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ed1 \u0111en<\/li>\n
    • \\( k_{B} \\) l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Boltzmann<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ed1 \u0111en c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn, v\u00ec v\u1eady b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 Hawking r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 quan s\u00e1t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ed1 \u0111en vi m\u00f4 ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c h\u1ed1 \u0111en nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ecf, b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 Hawking c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

      K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n

      Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 h\u1ed1 \u0111en l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft h\u1ed1 \u0111en, gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9, entropy v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ed1 \u0111en. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 Hawking \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec n\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ed1 \u0111en kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n “\u0111en” m\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t ra b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t, m\u1edf ra h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 h\u1ed1 \u0111en gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed1 \u0111en ph\u00e1t ra b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[132],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nNhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 h\u1ed1 \u0111en l\u00e0 g\u00ec<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 h\u1ed1 \u0111en gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed1 \u0111en ph\u00e1t ra b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/nhiet-dong-hoc-cua-buc-xa-ho-den-la-gi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 h\u1ed1 \u0111en l\u00e0 g\u00ec\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 h\u1ed1 \u0111en gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed1 \u0111en ph\u00e1t ra b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" 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