{"id":679280,"date":"2024-07-30T16:05:15","date_gmt":"2024-07-30T15:05:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/?p=679280"},"modified":"2024-07-30T16:05:15","modified_gmt":"2024-07-30T15:05:15","slug":"nhiet-dong-luc-hoc-cua-viec-tao-ra-kim-cuong-nhan-tao-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/nhiet-dong-luc-hoc-cua-viec-tao-ra-kim-cuong-nhan-tao-la-gi\/","title":{"rendered":"Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 g\u00ec"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o: t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb carbon.<\/p>\n

\"Nhi\u1ec7t<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 g\u00ec<\/h2>\n

Kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao m\u00e0 kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p HPHT (High Pressure High Temperature)<\/h2>\n

HPHT l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh: nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

  • Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9: t\u1eeb 1300\u00b0C \u0111\u1ebfn 1600\u00b0C<\/li>\n
  • \u00c1p su\u1ea5t: t\u1eeb 5 GPa \u0111\u1ebfn 6 GPa (Giga Pascal)<\/li>\n
  • Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c: th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 s\u1eaft, niken ho\u1eb7c cobalt<\/li>\n

    <\/u1><\/p>\n

    Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, cacbon (C) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau:<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

  • \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, cacbon \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nung n\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p su\u1ea5t l\u1edbn.<\/li>\n
  • Ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c kim lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 cacbon k\u1ebft tinh th\u00e0nh kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/li>\n
  • Sau \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi tinh th\u1ec3 kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/li>\n

    <\/o1><\/p>\n

    Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition)<\/h2>\n

    Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p CVD l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean l\u00fd h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

  • S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p kh\u00ed methane (CH4<\/sub>) v\u00e0 hydrogen (H2<\/sub>).<\/li>\n
  • \u0110\u01b0a kh\u00ed v\u00e0o bu\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng 800\u00b0C \u0111\u1ebfn 1200\u00b0C.<\/li>\n
  • Hydrogen t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cacbon ra kh\u1ecfi methane.<\/li>\n
  • Cacbon sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1eafng \u0111\u1ecdng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng l\u1edbp kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ecfng.<\/li>\n

    <\/u1><\/p>\n

    Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/h2>\n

    Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u1ea3 hai ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1o kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3:<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

  • \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc (B\u1ea3o to\u00e0n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng):<\/b> N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t cung c\u1ea5p v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1edbi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed cacbon.<\/li>\n
  • \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc (T\u0103ng entropy):<\/b> Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a cacbon sang c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi tinh th\u1ec3 kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh b\u1edfi nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u0103ng entropy.<\/li>\n
  • N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Gibbs t\u1ef1 do (Gibbs Free Energy):<\/b> \u0110\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh k\u1ebft tinh th\u00e0nh kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ea3y ra, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Gibbs c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3m \u0111i (\\(\\Delta G < 0\\)). \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c:<\/li>\n

    <\/u1><\/p>\n

    \\(\\Delta G = \\Delta H – T\\Delta S\\)<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

  • \\(\\Delta G\\): N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Gibbs t\u1ef1 do<\/li>\n
  • \\(\\Delta H\\): Thay \u0111\u1ed5i enthalpy<\/li>\n
  • T: Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i<\/li>\n
  • \\(\\Delta S\\): Thay \u0111\u1ed5i entropy<\/li>\n

    <\/u1><\/p>\n

    Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o: t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb carbon.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[132],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nNhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 g\u00ec<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o: t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra kim c\u01b0\u01a1ng 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