{"id":681246,"date":"2024-11-08T21:21:04","date_gmt":"2024-11-08T20:21:04","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/?p=681246"},"modified":"2024-11-08T21:21:04","modified_gmt":"2024-11-08T20:21:04","slug":"10-phuong-phap-lam-mat-nhiet-do-sieu-thap-va-ung-dung","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/10-phuong-phap-lam-mat-nhiet-do-sieu-thap-va-ung-dung\/","title":{"rendered":"10 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1p L\u00e0m M\u00e1t Nhi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed9 Si\u00eau Th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u1ee8ng D\u1ee5ng"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"sidekick\">10 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1p L\u00e0m M\u00e1t Nhi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed9 Si\u00eau Th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u1ee8ng D\u1ee5ng gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/10_phuong_phap_lam_mat_nhiet_do_sieu_thap_va_ung_dung.png\" alt=\"10 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1p L\u00e0m M\u00e1t Nhi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed9 Si\u00eau Th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u1ee8ng D\u1ee5ng\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>10 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1p L\u00e0m M\u00e1t Nhi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed9 Si\u00eau Th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u1ee8ng D\u1ee5ng<\/h2>\n<p>Trong ng\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, l\u00e0m m\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau th\u1ea5p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u 10 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m m\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n<h2>1. L\u00e0m M\u00e1t B\u1eb1ng Heli L\u1ecfng<\/h2>\n<p>Heli l\u1ecfng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00f4i r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p, kho\u1ea3ng -269\u00b0C (4.2 K). Khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng heli l\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong ng\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 si\u00eau d\u1eabn.<\/p>\n<h2>2. L\u00e0m M\u00e1t B\u1eb1ng Nit\u01a1 L\u1ecfng<\/h2>\n<p>Nit\u01a1 l\u1ecfng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00f4i \u1edf -196\u00b0C (77 K), ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m m\u00e1t c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n m\u1eabu sinh h\u1ecdc trong th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n<h2>3. T\u1ee7 \u0110\u00f4ng Si\u00eau L\u1ea1nh (Ultra-low Temperature Freezers)<\/h2>\n<p>T\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng si\u00eau l\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 xu\u1ed1ng t\u1edbi -86\u00b0C, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n m\u1eabu th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n<h2>4. H\u1ec7 Th\u1ed1ng L\u00e0m L\u1ea1nh Stirling<\/h2>\n<p>M\u00e1y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh Stirling ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 Stirling, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi -150\u00b0C. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m m\u00e1t c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n<h2>5. S\u1eed D\u1ee5ng H\u1ee3p Ch\u1ea5t Peltier (Thermoelectric Cooling)<\/h2>\n<p>H\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t Peltier c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t. Khi d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n ch\u1ea1y qua, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh, m\u1eb7t c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd n\u00f3ng l\u00ean. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t vi x\u1eed l\u00fd.<\/p>\n<h2>6. Gi\u00e3n N\u1edf Adiabat C\u1ee7a Kh\u00ed<\/h2>\n<p>Gi\u00e3n n\u1edf adiabat l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Joule-Thomson, gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00ed khi n\u00f3 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i enthalpy. Th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n<h2>7. S\u1eed D\u1ee5ng Ch\u1ea5t L\u00e0m L\u1ea1nh \u0110\u1eb7c Bi\u1ec7t<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 hydro l\u1ecfng ho\u1eb7c neon l\u1ecfng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00f4i r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau th\u1ea5p, kho\u1ea3ng -253\u00b0C (20 K) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi hydro l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 -246\u00b0C (27 K) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi neon l\u1ecfng.<\/p>\n<h2>8. L\u00e0m L\u1ea1nh B\u1eb1ng \u00c1nh B\u1ee9c X\u1ea1<\/h2>\n<p>K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t ra ngo\u00e0i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb l\u00e0m m\u00e1t v\u1ec7 tinh v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n<h2>9. S\u1eed D\u1ee5ng T\u1eeb Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ec3 L\u00e0m L\u1ea1nh (Magnetic Refrigeration)<\/h2>\n<p>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb gi\u00e1c: khi t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n<h2>10. L\u00e0m M\u00e1t T\u1eeb C\u00e1c Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee8ng L\u01b0\u1ee3ng T\u1eed<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0m m\u00e1t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Josephson ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh b\u1eb1ng tia laser. Nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed.<\/p>\n<h2>\u1ee8ng D\u1ee5ng Th\u1ef1c T\u1ebf<\/h2>\n<p><o1><\/p>\n<li><b>C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p:<\/b> C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh si\u00eau th\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m.<\/li>\n<li><b>Y t\u1ebf:<\/b> C\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb y t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 MRI hay c\u00e1c t\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n m\u1eabu x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p.<\/li>\n<li><b>Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u:<\/b> V\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed, v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ea1t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p.<\/li>\n<li><b>C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7:<\/b> C\u00e1c m\u00e1y t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 vi x\u1eed l\u00fd ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m m\u00e1t si\u00eau th\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<p><\/o1><\/p>\n<p>L\u00e0m m\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau th\u1ea5p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7y ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m m\u00e1t n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n m\u1edf ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>10 Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Ph\u00e1p L\u00e0m M\u00e1t Nhi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed9 Si\u00eau Th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u1ee8ng D\u1ee5ng gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[132],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - 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