{"id":682465,"date":"2024-08-11T17:47:26","date_gmt":"2024-08-11T16:47:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/?p=682465"},"modified":"2024-08-11T17:47:26","modified_gmt":"2024-08-11T16:47:26","slug":"4-loai-dan-nhiet-cua-cac-vat-lieu-khac-nhau","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/4-loai-dan-nhiet-cua-cac-vat-lieu-khac-nhau\/","title":{"rendered":"4 Lo\u1ea1i D\u1eabn Nhi\u1ec7t C\u1ee7a C\u00e1c V\u1eadt Li\u1ec7u Kh\u00e1c Nhau"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"sidekick\">4 Lo\u1ea1i D\u1eabn Nhi\u1ec7t C\u1ee7a C\u00e1c V\u1eadt Li\u1ec7u Kh\u00e1c Nhau: T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i, g\u1ed1m, nh\u1ef1a v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng c\u00f9ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/4_loai_dan_nhiet_cua_cac_vat_lieu_khac_nhau.png\" alt=\"4 Lo\u1ea1i D\u1eabn Nhi\u1ec7t C\u1ee7a C\u00e1c V\u1eadt Li\u1ec7u Kh\u00e1c Nhau\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>4 Lo\u1ea1i D\u1eabn Nhi\u1ec7t C\u1ee7a C\u00e1c V\u1eadt Li\u1ec7u Kh\u00e1c Nhau<\/h2>\n<p>Trong ng\u00e0nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t (thermal engineering), vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng. D\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb n\u01a1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p. C\u00f3 b\u1ed1n c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t: d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t (conduction), \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u (convection), b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 (radiation), v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n<h2>1. D\u1eabn Nhi\u1ec7t (Conduction)<\/h2>\n<p>D\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t qua m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ea1ng d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u r\u1eafn nh\u01b0 kim lo\u1ea1i. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh d\u00f2ng truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t qua m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t l\u00e0:<\/p>\n<pre>Q = -kA\\frac{dT}{dx}<\/pre>\n<p>Trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Q: L\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t truy\u1ec1n qua v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u (Watt, W)<\/li>\n<li>k: H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u (W\/mK)<\/li>\n<li>A: Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft ngang c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u (m<sup>2<\/sup>)<\/li>\n<li>dT\/dx: \u0110\u1ea1o h\u00e0m nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 theo kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>2. \u0110\u1ed1i L\u01b0u (Convection)<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i l\u01b0u l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t qua s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed. Khi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111un n\u00f3ng, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd gi\u00e3n n\u1edf v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n l\u00ean tr\u00ean, trong khi \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ea5t l\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n s\u1ebd di chuy\u1ec3n xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t truy\u1ec1n qua \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u l\u00e0:<\/p>\n<pre>Q = hA(T_s - T_f)<\/pre>\n<p>Trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Q: L\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t truy\u1ec1n qua gh\u00e9p d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u (W)<\/li>\n<li>h: H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u (W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>K)<\/li>\n<li>A: Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t (m<sup>2<\/sup>)<\/li>\n<li>T_s: Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (K)<\/li>\n<li>T_f: Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00ed (K)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>3. B\u1ee9c X\u1ea1 (Radiation)<\/h2>\n<p>B\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t qua kh\u00f4ng gian d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n t\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 lan truy\u1ec1n. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t ra b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec7t. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t truy\u1ec1n qua b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 l\u00e0:<\/p>\n<pre>Q = \u03b5\u03c3AT^4<\/pre>\n<p>Trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Q: L\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t truy\u1ec1n qua b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 (W)<\/li>\n<li>\u03b5: \u0110\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/li>\n<li>\u03c3: H\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Stefan-Boltzmann (5.67 x 10<sup>-8<\/sup> W\/m<sup>2<\/sup>K<sup>4<\/sup>)<\/li>\n<li>A: Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (m<sup>2<\/sup>)<\/li>\n<li>T: Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (K)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>4. S\u1ef1 D\u1eabn Nhi\u1ec7t H\u1ed7n H\u1ee3p<\/h2>\n<p>S\u1ef1 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u v\u00e0 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t qua c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, n\u01a1i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u r\u1eafn, l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 kh\u00ed. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00ednh to\u00e1n s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec7t h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<p>Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd gi\u00fap k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n gia d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Hy v\u1ecdng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>4 Lo\u1ea1i D\u1eabn Nhi\u1ec7t C\u1ee7a C\u00e1c V\u1eadt Li\u1ec7u Kh\u00e1c Nhau: T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a kim lo\u1ea1i, g\u1ed1m, nh\u1ef1a v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng c\u00f9ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[132],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>4 Lo\u1ea1i D\u1eabn Nhi\u1ec7t C\u1ee7a C\u00e1c V\u1eadt Li\u1ec7u Kh\u00e1c Nhau<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"4 Lo\u1ea1i 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