{"id":683437,"date":"2024-09-22T16:49:44","date_gmt":"2024-09-22T15:49:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/?p=683437"},"modified":"2024-09-22T16:49:44","modified_gmt":"2024-09-22T15:49:44","slug":"7-loai-qua-trinh-nhiet-dong-hoc-trong-he-thong-nang-luong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/7-loai-qua-trinh-nhiet-dong-hoc-trong-he-thong-nang-luong\/","title":{"rendered":"7 Lo\u1ea1i Qu\u00e1 Tr\u00ecnh Nhi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed9ng H\u1ecdc Trong H\u1ec7 Th\u1ed1ng N\u0103ng L\u01b0\u1ee3ng"},"content":{"rendered":"

7 Lo\u1ea1i Qu\u00e1 Tr\u00ecnh Nhi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed9ng H\u1ecdc Trong H\u1ec7 Th\u1ed1ng N\u0103ng L\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

\"7<\/p>\n

7 Lo\u1ea1i Qu\u00e1 Tr\u00ecnh Nhi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed9ng H\u1ecdc Trong H\u1ec7 Th\u1ed1ng N\u0103ng L\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h2>\n

K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t. Trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p 7 lo\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n. H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

1. Qu\u00e1 Tr\u00ecnh \u0110\u1eb3ng T\u00edch<\/h2>\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng t\u00edch l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng (V = const). C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng t\u00edch l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

\u0394U = Q<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u0394U l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 Q l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c ra kh\u1ecfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

2. Qu\u00e1 Tr\u00ecnh \u0110\u1eb3ng \u00c1p<\/h2>\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng \u00e1p l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u00f3 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i (P = const). C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

Q = \u0394U + P\u0394V<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (Q), s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng (\u0394U) v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng (P\u0394V).<\/p>\n

3. Qu\u00e1 Tr\u00ecnh \u0110\u1eb3ng Nhi\u1ec7t<\/h2>\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nhi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i (T = const). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kh\u00ed l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

Q = W<\/p>\n

Trong \u0111\u00f3, Q l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 W l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

4. Qu\u00e1 Tr\u00ecnh \u0110o\u1ea1n Nhi\u1ec7t<\/h2>\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111o\u1ea1n nhi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh (Q = 0). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

\u0394U = -W<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi d\u1ea5u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

5. Qu\u00e1 Tr\u00ecnh Chu K\u1ef3<\/h2>\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chu k\u1ef3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ban \u0111\u1ea7u sau m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, t\u1ed5ng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng sau m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng:<\/p>\n

\u03a3\u0394U = 0<\/p>\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 tuabin.<\/p>\n

6. Qu\u00e1 Tr\u00ecnh Thu\u1eadn Ngh\u1ecbch<\/h2>\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh thu\u1eadn ngh\u1ecbch l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ra theo c\u1ea3 hai chi\u1ec1u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

7. Qu\u00e1 Tr\u00ecnh Kh\u00f4ng Thu\u1eadn Ngh\u1ecbch<\/h2>\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn ngh\u1ecbch l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n ra theo m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng nhi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00fang lu\u00f4n \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi t\u0103ng entropy.<\/p>\n

Hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Hy v\u1ecdng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p cho b\u1ea1n c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

7 Lo\u1ea1i Qu\u00e1 Tr\u00ecnh Nhi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed9ng H\u1ecdc Trong H\u1ec7 Th\u1ed1ng N\u0103ng L\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[132],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\n7 Lo\u1ea1i Qu\u00e1 Tr\u00ecnh Nhi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed9ng H\u1ecdc Trong H\u1ec7 Th\u1ed1ng N\u0103ng L\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"7 Lo\u1ea1i Qu\u00e1 Tr\u00ecnh Nhi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed9ng H\u1ecdc Trong H\u1ec7 Th\u1ed1ng N\u0103ng L\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng 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