{"id":684301,"date":"2024-09-16T17:32:54","date_gmt":"2024-09-16T16:32:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/?p=684301"},"modified":"2024-09-16T17:32:54","modified_gmt":"2024-09-16T16:32:54","slug":"9-loai-gian-no-nhiet-trong-vat-lieu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/9-loai-gian-no-nhiet-trong-vat-lieu\/","title":{"rendered":"9 Lo\u1ea1i Gi\u00e3n N\u1edf Nhi\u1ec7t Trong V\u1eadt Li\u1ec7u"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"sidekick\">9 lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t trong v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u: Gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c nhau trong v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/9_loai_gian_no_nhiet_trong_vat_lieu.png\" alt=\"9 Lo\u1ea1i Gi\u00e3n N\u1edf Nhi\u1ec7t Trong V\u1eadt Li\u1ec7u\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>9 Lo\u1ea1i Gi\u00e3n N\u1edf Nhi\u1ec7t Trong V\u1eadt Li\u1ec7u<\/h2>\n<p>Gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u khi ch\u00fang thay \u0111\u1ed5i k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng do s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u00edn lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Gi\u00e3n n\u1edf tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh:<\/b> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u theo nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh gi\u00e3n n\u1edf tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh l\u00e0:\n<p>L = L<sub>0<\/sub>(1 + \u03b1\u0394T)<\/p>\n<p>Trong \u0111\u00f3, L l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i m\u1edbi, L<sub>0<\/sub> l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i ban \u0111\u1ea7u, \u03b1 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 \u0394T l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Gi\u00e3n n\u1edf th\u1ec3 t\u00edch:<\/b> \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra khi c\u1ea3 ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f9ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh gi\u00e3n n\u1edf th\u1ec3 t\u00edch:\n<p>V = V<sub>0<\/sub>(1 + \u03b2\u0394T)<\/p>\n<p>Trong \u0111\u00f3, V l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch m\u1edbi, V<sub>0<\/sub> l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch ban \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 \u03b2 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf th\u1ec3 t\u00edch.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Gi\u00e3n n\u1edf b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t:<\/b> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u theo nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c gi\u00e3n n\u1edf b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t:\n<p>A = A<sub>0<\/sub>(1 + 2\u03b1\u0394T)<\/p>\n<p>Trong \u0111\u00f3, A l\u00e0 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch m\u1edbi, A<sub>0<\/sub> l\u00e0 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ban \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 2\u03b1 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a hai c\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Gi\u00e3n n\u1edf \u0111\u1eb3ng h\u01b0\u1edbng:<\/b> Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra khi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u gi\u00e3n n\u1edf \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n theo m\u1ecdi h\u01b0\u1edbng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 kh\u00ed, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf th\u1ec3 t\u00edch.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Gi\u00e3n n\u1edf d\u1ecb h\u01b0\u1edbng:<\/b> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 khi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u gi\u00e3n n\u1edf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u theo c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u tinh th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n<li><b>Gi\u00e3n n\u1edf trong ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng:<\/b> Ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e3n n\u1edf theo nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng l\u00ean, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hydrodynamics v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc.<\/li>\n<li><b>Gi\u00e3n n\u1edf trong ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn:<\/b> C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng thay \u0111\u1ed5i k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc \u00edt h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/li>\n<li><b>Gi\u00e3n n\u1edf trong kh\u00ed:<\/b> Ch\u1ea5t kh\u00ed c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf r\u1ea5t cao so v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 b\u1edfi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00ed l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng:\n<p>PV = nRT<\/p>\n<p>Trong \u0111\u00f3, P l\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t, V l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch, n l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 mol kh\u00ed, R l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 kh\u00ed, v\u00e0 T l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li><b>Gi\u00e3n n\u1edf si\u00eau nhi\u1ec7t:<\/b> M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd khi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u1ef1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p kim v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh n\u0103ng n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t trong v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t sinh do gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>9 lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t trong v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u: Gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c nhau trong v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[132],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>9 Lo\u1ea1i Gi\u00e3n N\u1edf Nhi\u1ec7t Trong V\u1eadt Li\u1ec7u<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"9 lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t trong v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u: Gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c nhau trong v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, 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