{"id":690148,"date":"2024-08-14T01:14:55","date_gmt":"2024-08-14T00:14:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/?p=690148"},"modified":"2024-08-14T01:14:55","modified_gmt":"2024-08-14T00:14:55","slug":"tinh-chat-nhiet-cua-he-thong-noi-cong-trinh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/tinh-chat-nhiet-cua-he-thong-noi-cong-trinh\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a chi ph\u00ed v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.<\/p>\n

\"T\u00ednh<\/p>\n

T\u00ednh Ch\u1ea5t Nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a H\u1ec7 Th\u1ed1ng N\u1ed1i C\u00f4ng Tr\u00ecnh<\/h2>\n

Trong ng\u00e0nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trong c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. C\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

1. D\u1eabn Nhi\u1ec7t (Thermal Conductivity)<\/h2>\n

D\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t qua n\u00f3. \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 W\/mK (Watt tr\u00ean m\u00e9t Kelvin). Trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t cao (nh\u01b0 kim lo\u1ea1i) s\u1ebd truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t nhanh ch\u00f3ng, trong khi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t th\u1ea5p (nh\u01b0 g\u1ed7 ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t) s\u1ebd truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t tho\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec7t b\u00ean trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

2. Nhi\u1ec7t Dung Ri\u00eang (Specific Heat Capacity)<\/h2>\n

Nhi\u1ec7t dung ri\u00eang l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t kil\u00f4gam v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00ean 1 \u0111\u1ed9 Celsius (1\u00b0C). \u0110\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o nhi\u1ec7t dung ri\u00eang th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 J\/kgK (Joule tr\u00ean kil\u00f4gam Kelvin). V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t dung ri\u00eang cao (nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef nhi\u1ec1u nhi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n, trong khi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t dung ri\u00eang th\u1ea5p s\u1ebd l\u01b0u tr\u1eef \u00edt nhi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

3. Gi\u00e3n N\u1edf Nhi\u1ec7t (Thermal Expansion)<\/h2>\n

Gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb K-1<\/sup> (\u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ngh\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Kelvin). Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00fap thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 kh\u1edbp n\u1ed1i nh\u1eb1m tr\u00e1nh h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng do s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

4. Kh\u1ea3 N\u0103ng Truy\u1ec1n Nhi\u1ec7t (Heat Transfer Capability)<\/h2>\n

Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t: d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u v\u00e0 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t truy\u1ec1n qua m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u qua 3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. D\u1eabn Nhi\u1ec7t<\/u>: Q = -kA \\frac{dT}{dx}<\/i> trong \u0111\u00f3:\n
      \n
    • Q<\/i>: l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t truy\u1ec1n (W)<\/li>\n
    • k<\/i>: h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t (W\/mK)<\/li>\n
    • A<\/i>: di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (m2<\/sup>)<\/li>\n
    • dT\/dx<\/i>: gradient nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 (K\/m)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
    • \u0110\u1ed1i L\u01b0u<\/u>: Q = hA(T_s – T_\\infty)<\/i> trong \u0111\u00f3:\n
        \n
      • h<\/i>: h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u (W\/m2<\/sup>K)<\/li>\n
      • A<\/i>: di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (m2<\/sup>)<\/li>\n
      • T_s<\/i>: nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (K)<\/li>\n
      • T_\\infty<\/i>: nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (K)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n
      • B\u1ee9c X\u1ea1<\/u>: Q = \\epsilon \\sigma A(T^4_s – T^4_\\infty)<\/i> trong \u0111\u00f3:\n
          \n
        • \\epsilon<\/i>: h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t<\/li>\n
        • \\sigma<\/i>: h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Stefan-Boltzmann (5.67 x 10-8<\/sup> W\/m2<\/sup>K4<\/sup>)<\/li>\n
        • A<\/i>: di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (m2<\/sup>)<\/li>\n
        • T_s<\/i>: nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (K)<\/li>\n
        • T_\\infty<\/i>: nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng (K)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          K\u1ebft Lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n

          Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh gi\u00fap c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1i \u01b0u v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t. S\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a chi ph\u00ed v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[132],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nT\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a chi ph\u00ed v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.\" 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