{"id":697036,"date":"2024-11-04T22:14:19","date_gmt":"2024-11-04T21:14:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/?p=697036"},"modified":"2024-11-04T22:14:19","modified_gmt":"2024-11-04T21:14:19","slug":"nhiet-dong-hoc-phan-tu-cua-hon-hop-chat-long","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/nhiet-dong-hoc-phan-tu-cua-hon-hop-chat-long\/","title":{"rendered":"Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"sidekick\">Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng khi tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn.<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/nhiet_dong_hoc_phan_tu_cua_hon_hop_chat_long.png\" alt=\"Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed9ng H\u1ecdc Ph\u00e2n T\u1eed C\u1ee7a H\u1ed7n H\u1ee3p Ch\u1ea5t L\u1ecfng<\/h2>\n<p>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quan tr\u1ecdng trong nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t. N\u00f3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed trong h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e1c \u0110\u1ecbnh Lu\u1eadt C\u01a1 B\u1ea3n<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra hay ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y sang d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ebd \u0111i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ed5ng entropy c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Kh\u00e1i Ni\u1ec7m V\u1ec1 Entropy V\u00e0 Enthalpy<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m quen v\u1edbi hai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Entropy (S):<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Entropy c\u1ee7a h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p th\u01b0\u1eddng cao h\u01a1n entropy c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ri\u00eang l\u1ebb.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Enthalpy (H):<\/strong> L\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1edfi c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c:<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\\[ H = U + PV \\]\n<p>Trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>U<\/strong> l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>P<\/strong> l\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t.<\/li>\n<li><strong>V<\/strong> l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed9ng H\u1ecdc Ph\u00e2n T\u1eed Trong H\u1ed7n H\u1ee3p Ch\u1ea5t L\u1ecfng<\/h2>\n<p>Khi xem x\u00e9t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng, ta c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sau:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n (Diffusion):<\/strong> C\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 cao \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng c\u00f3 n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc h\u00f2a tr\u1ed9n (Mixing Thermodynamics):<\/strong> \u0110o l\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 entropy khi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng h\u00f2a tr\u1ed9n.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc (Chemical Activity):<\/strong> \u0110o l\u01b0\u1eddng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 do Gibbs c\u1ee7a h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p, bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n qua ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\\[ \\Delta G = \\Delta H &#8211; T \\Delta S \\]\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\\Delta G<\/strong> l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 do Gibbs.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\\Delta H<\/strong> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i enthalpy.<\/li>\n<li><strong>T<\/strong> l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\\Delta S<\/strong> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i entropy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u0110\u1ed9ng L\u1ef1c H\u1ecdc Ph\u00e2n T\u1eed (Molecular Dynamics)<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng. N\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed trong h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p. Nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<h2>K\u1ebft Lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 d\u1ea7u kh\u00ed. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng khi tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[132],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Nhi\u1ec7t 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