{"id":697074,"date":"2024-11-05T15:10:40","date_gmt":"2024-11-05T14:10:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/?p=697074"},"modified":"2024-11-05T15:10:40","modified_gmt":"2024-11-05T14:10:40","slug":"nhiet-dong-hoc-trong-truyen-nhiet-vi-mo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/nhiet-dong-hoc-trong-truyen-nhiet-vi-mo\/","title":{"rendered":"Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc trong truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t vi m\u00f4"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc trong truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t vi m\u00f4: Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 vi m\u00f4, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

\"Nhi\u1ec7t<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed9ng H\u1ecdc Trong Truy\u1ec1n Nhi\u1ec7t Vi M\u00f4<\/h2>\n

Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc, truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t vi m\u00f4 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf quy m\u00f4 r\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 vi m\u00f4 v\u00e0 nan\u00f4. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t vi m\u00f4 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean L\u00fd C\u01a1 B\u1ea3n C\u1ee7a Nhi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed9ng H\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n

Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc (thermodynamics) l\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t. Ba \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

  • \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 sinh ra ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea5t \u0111i, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y sang d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c. Bi\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc cho \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y: dU = dQ – dW<\/em>, trong \u0111\u00f3 dU<\/em> l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng, dQ<\/em> l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 dW<\/em> l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n
  • \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9 hai: T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 t\u0103ng entropy. Entropy l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tham s\u1ed1 \u0111o m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/li>\n
  • \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9 ba: Khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i (0 K), entropy c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n

    <\/u1><\/p>\n

    Truy\u1ec1n Nhi\u1ec7t Vi M\u00f4: C\u00f4ng Ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u1ee8ng D\u1ee5ng<\/h2>\n

    \u1ede quy m\u00f4 vi m\u00f4, truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau so v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4 macr\u00f4. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc trong truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t vi m\u00f4 bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

  • Conduction:<\/strong> Truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t d\u1eabn l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c va ch\u1ea1m gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: Q = -kA \\frac{dT}{dx}<\/em>, trong \u0111\u00f3 Q<\/em> l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng truy\u1ec1n d\u1eabn, k<\/em> l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t, A<\/em> l\u00e0 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch, v\u00e0 \\frac{dT}{dx}<\/em> l\u00e0 gradient nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9.<\/li>\n
  • Convection:<\/strong> Truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t nh\u1edd v\u00e0o chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00ed. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c li\u00ean quan: Q = hA(T_{surface} – T_{fluid})<\/em>, trong \u0111\u00f3 h<\/em> l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u, T_{surface}<\/em> l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, v\u00e0 T_{fluid}<\/em> l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00ed.<\/li>\n
  • Radiation:<\/strong> Truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t th\u00f4ng qua s\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c Stefan-Boltzmann: Q = \\sigma A T^4<\/em>, trong \u0111\u00f3 \\sigma<\/em> l\u00e0 h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 Stefan-Boltzmann, v\u00e0 T<\/em> l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/li>\n

    <\/u1><\/p>\n

    \u1ee8ng D\u1ee5ng Th\u1ef1c Ti\u1ec5n<\/h2>\n

    Truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t vi m\u00f4 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng:<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

  • L\u00e0m m\u00e1t vi x\u1eed l\u00fd:<\/strong> \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c vi m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 vi x\u1eed l\u00fd trong c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t vi m\u00f4 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t (heat pipes) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u00e1t nh\u1ecf (micro-cooling chambers) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 an to\u00e0n cho c\u00e1c linh ki\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n
  • C\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t:<\/strong> C\u00e1c c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t vi m\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng.<\/li>\n
  • V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao:<\/strong> V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac vi m\u00f4 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 aerogel v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u pha ch\u1ebf (composite materials) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t.<\/li>\n

    <\/o1><\/p>\n

    T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc trong truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t vi m\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 c\u00f2n m\u1edf ra c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc trong truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t vi m\u00f4: Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 vi m\u00f4, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[132],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nNhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc trong truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t vi m\u00f4<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc trong truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t vi m\u00f4: Kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 vi m\u00f4, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 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