{"id":697400,"date":"2024-08-06T12:31:34","date_gmt":"2024-08-06T11:31:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/?p=697400"},"modified":"2024-08-06T12:31:34","modified_gmt":"2024-08-06T11:31:34","slug":"nhiet-dong-luc-hoc-cua-dung-dich-chat-dien-ly","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/nhiet-dong-luc-hoc-cua-dung-dich-chat-dien-ly\/","title":{"rendered":"Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ly"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"sidekick\">Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ly: T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ly trong dung d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/nhiet_dong_luc_hoc_cua_dung_dich_chat_dien_ly.png\" alt=\"Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ly\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ly<\/h2>\n<p>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quan tr\u1ecdng trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng. Khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 <b>dung d\u1ecbch ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ly<\/b>, ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a tan c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ly trong dung m\u00f4i, t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ion t\u1ef1 do di chuy\u1ec3n. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n<h2>Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ly:<\/b> L\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e2n ly th\u00e0nh ion khi h\u00f2a tan trong dung m\u00f4i nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/li>\n<li><b>Ion:<\/b> L\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t mang \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 cation (ion d\u01b0\u01a1ng) ho\u1eb7c anion (ion \u00e2m).<\/li>\n<li><b>Dung m\u00f4i:<\/b> Ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ly \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2a tan, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f2a tan<\/h2>\n<p>Khi ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ly h\u00f2a tan trong dung m\u00f4i, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n ly th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ion. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, natri clorua (NaCl) khi h\u00f2a tan trong n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh ion natri (Na<sup>+<\/sup>) v\u00e0 ion clorua (Cl<sup>&#8211;<\/sup>).<\/p>\n<p>C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n ly c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\">AB (r\u1eafn) \u2192 A<sup>+<\/sup> (dung d\u1ecbch) + B<sup>&#8211;<\/sup> (dung d\u1ecbch)<\/p>\n<h2>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t<\/h2>\n<p>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f2a tan v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ly c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ly. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00f2a tan c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ly. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u00edt h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y so v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>\n<h2>\u00c1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\">\u0394U = Q &#8211; W<\/p>\n<p>Trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0394U: Thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/li>\n<li>Q: Nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/li>\n<li>W: C\u00f4ng m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh h\u00f2a tan ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ly, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa dung d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh.<\/p>\n<h2>H\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n<p>Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u dung d\u1ecbch ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ly, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Gibbs t\u1ef1 do (G), entropy (S), v\u00e0 enthalpy (H). C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c Gibbs c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\">G = H &#8211; TS<\/p>\n<p>Trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>G: N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Gibbs t\u1ef1 do<\/li>\n<li>H: Enthalpy<\/li>\n<li>T: Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i (Kelvin)<\/li>\n<li>S: Entropy<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf<\/h2>\n<p>Khi hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ly, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b>Y h\u1ecdc:<\/b> Pha ch\u1ebf dung d\u1ecbch truy\u1ec1n d\u1ecbch c\u00f3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec7n ly c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9i m\u00f4 trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n.<\/li>\n<li><b>C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t:<\/b> S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t pin v\u00e0 \u1eafc quy d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ion.<\/li>\n<li><b>M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng:<\/b> X\u1eed l\u00fd n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ion \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ly gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ly: T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ly trong dung d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[132],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ly<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a dung d\u1ecbch ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ly: T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec7n ly trong dung d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec7t.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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