{"id":697476,"date":"2024-09-11T11:16:01","date_gmt":"2024-09-11T10:16:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/?p=697476"},"modified":"2024-09-11T11:16:01","modified_gmt":"2024-09-11T10:16:01","slug":"nhiet-dong-luc-hoc-trong-cac-he-sinh-hoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/nhiet-dong-luc-hoc-trong-cac-he-sinh-hoc\/","title":{"rendered":"Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"sidekick\">Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc: t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh h\u1ecdc, duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t sinh h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/nhiet_dong_luc_hoc_trong_cac_he_sinh_hoc.png\" alt=\"Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n<p>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh h\u1ecdc. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<h2>Quy lu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00f3 b\u1ed1n quy lu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh trong nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc:<\/p>\n<p><u1><\/p>\n<li>Quy lu\u1eadt 0: N\u1ebfu hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 ba, th\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u0169ng \u1edf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nhau.<\/li>\n<li>Quy lu\u1eadt 1: N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean sinh ra v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u1ea5t \u0111i, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y sang d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a quy lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \\( \\Delta U = Q &#8211; W \\), trong \u0111\u00f3 \\( \\Delta U \\) l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ed9i n\u0103ng, \\( Q \\) l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o h\u1ec7, v\u00e0 \\( W \\) l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi h\u1ec7.<\/li>\n<li>Quy lu\u1eadt 2: C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n ho\u1eb7c entropy c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp. Hay ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, entropy c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m.<\/li>\n<li>Quy lu\u1eadt 3: Khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i (0 Kelvin), entropy c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u.<\/li>\n<p><\/u1><\/p>\n<h2>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh h\u1ecdc trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<h3>Quy lu\u1eadt 1: B\u1ea3o to\u00e0n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h3>\n<p>Trong sinh h\u1ecdc, quy lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, glucose (C<sub>6<\/sub>H<sub>12<\/sub>O<sub>6<\/sub>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c oxi ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/p>\n<p>\\( \\text{C}_6\\text{H}_{12}\\text{O}_6 + 6\\text{O}_2 \\rightarrow 6\\text{CO}_2 + 6\\text{H}_2\\text{O} + \\text{n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng} \\)<\/p>\n<p>N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ebf b\u00e0o nh\u01b0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p protein v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n<h3>Quy lu\u1eadt 2: Entropy v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ed1ng<\/h3>\n<p>M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u0103ng entropy, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n b\u00ean trong gi\u1ea3m \u0111i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trao \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t, n\u01a1i ph\u00e2n t\u1eed ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n (gi\u1ea3m entropy), \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n<p>V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ATP (adenosine triphosphate) trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o. ATP ph\u00e2n gi\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh ADP (adenosine diphosphate) v\u00e0 phosphate v\u00f4 c\u01a1, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/p>\n<p>\\( \\text{ATP} \\rightarrow \\text{ADP} + \\text{P} + \\text{n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng} \\)<\/p>\n<p>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y gi\u00fap c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ea5t qua m\u00e0ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o, t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e2n t\u1eed m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 co gi\u00e3n c\u01a1 b\u1eafp.<\/p>\n<h3>Quy lu\u1eadt 3: H\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng<\/h3>\n<p>Theo quy lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p, c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. C\u00e1c enzym, l\u00e0 protein \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 x\u00fac t\u00e1c cho c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng sinh h\u00f3a, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u1edf m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. N\u1ebfu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p, enzyme c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1ec7.<\/p>\n<h2>K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t khung l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. T\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u0103ng entropy, c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 y h\u1ecdc. H\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn trong ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc: t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh h\u1ecdc, duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t sinh h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[132],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - 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