{"id":698166,"date":"2024-09-10T20:00:10","date_gmt":"2024-09-10T19:00:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/?p=698166"},"modified":"2024-09-10T20:00:10","modified_gmt":"2024-09-10T19:00:10","slug":"nhiet-dong-hoc-cua-cac-qua-trinh-tach-mang","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/nhiet-dong-hoc-cua-cac-qua-trinh-tach-mang\/","title":{"rendered":"Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1ch m\u00e0ng"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"sidekick\">Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1ch m\u00e0ng: Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u00e1ch m\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/nhiet_dong_hoc_cua_cac_qua_trinh_tach_mang.png\" alt=\"Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1ch m\u00e0ng\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed9ng H\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a C\u00e1c Qu\u00e1 Tr\u00ecnh T\u00e1ch M\u00e0ng<\/h2>\n<p>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt l\u00fd nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t. Trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t, m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1ch m\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, bao g\u1ed3m l\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc, x\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00ed v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<h2>Nguy\u00ean L\u00fd C\u01a1 B\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Nhi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed9ng H\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Qu\u00e1 Tr\u00ecnh T\u00e1ch M\u00e0ng<\/h2>\n<p>M\u00e0ng (hay m\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc) ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo nguy\u00ean l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0ng c\u1ea5t hay tinh ch\u1ebf. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1ch m\u00e0ng:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t:<\/b> B\u1ea3o to\u00e0n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea5t \u0111i, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y sang d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c.<\/li>\n<li><b>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9 hai:<\/b> Entropy c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u00edn lu\u00f4n t\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1ch m\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec5n ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/li>\n<li><b>\u00c1p su\u1ea5t th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u:<\/b> Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1ch m\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch \u00e1p su\u1ea5t th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u gi\u1eefa hai ph\u00eda c\u1ee7a m\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u1ee8ng D\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a Nhi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed9ng H\u1ecdc trong C\u00e1c Qu\u00e1 Tr\u00ecnh T\u00e1ch M\u00e0ng<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a m\u00e0ng t\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng quan tr\u1ecdng bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b>Th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c (RO):<\/b> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecdc n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 kh\u1eed mu\u1ed1i t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra n\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u1ecdt. N\u1eafm v\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00e1p su\u1ea5t th\u1ea9m th\u1ea5u l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng RO hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/li>\n<li><b>L\u1ecdc m\u00e0ng si\u00eau m\u1ecbn v\u00e0 m\u00e0ng nano:<\/b> S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 vi khu\u1ea9n trong quy tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u1ea1p ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i cho s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m.<\/li>\n<li><b>X\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u00ed:<\/b> T\u00e1ch c\u00e1c kh\u00ed kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a \u00e1p su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1ch m\u00e0ng.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed9ng H\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Qu\u00e1 Tr\u00ecnh Chuy\u1ec3n Giao Ch\u1ea5t Qua M\u00e0ng<\/h2>\n<p>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n giao ch\u1ea5t qua m\u00e0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Chuy\u1ec3n Giao L\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Fick cho s\u1ef1 khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n:<\/p>\n<p><i>J = &#8211; D \\frac{dC}{dx}<\/i><\/p>\n<p>Trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><i>J<\/i> l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n (l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n qua \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb di\u1ec7n t\u00edch tr\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb th\u1eddi gian).<\/li>\n<li><i>D<\/i> l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 khu\u1ebfch t\u00e1n (m\u1ed9t h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u00e0ng).<\/li>\n<li><i>dC\/dx<\/i> l\u00e0 gradient n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 (s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea5t theo kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1ch m\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd.<\/p>\n<h2>K\u1ebft Lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1ch m\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u1eafm v\u1eefng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1ch m\u00e0ng: Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u00e1ch m\u00e0ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[132],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a 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