{"id":698619,"date":"2024-10-12T15:53:22","date_gmt":"2024-10-12T14:53:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/?p=698619"},"modified":"2024-10-12T15:53:22","modified_gmt":"2024-10-12T14:53:22","slug":"nhiet-dong-luc-hoc-cua-vat-lieu-sieu-dan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/nhiet-dong-luc-hoc-cua-vat-lieu-sieu-dan\/","title":{"rendered":"Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"sidekick\">Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn: Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng trong c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/nhiet_dong_luc_hoc_cua_vat_lieu_sieu_dan.png\" alt=\"Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn<\/h2>\n<p>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t. Khi x\u00e9t trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n<h2>V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n<p>V\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tr\u1edf kh\u00e1ng n\u00e0o khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb &#8220;t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n&#8221; nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n (T<sub>c<\/sub>). \u1ede tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i si\u00eau d\u1eabn, c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng do nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n<h2>Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a si\u00eau d\u1eabn<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 si\u00eau d\u1eabn b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1911 khi nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Heike Kamerlingh Onnes ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7y ng\u00e2n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh si\u00eau d\u1eabn \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 4.2 Kelvin (-268.95\u00b0C). Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a si\u00eau d\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh &#8220;Gh\u00e9p \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed Cooper&#8221; (Cooper Pairing). Khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi T<sub>c<\/sub>, c\u00e1c electron trong v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u gh\u00e9p th\u00e0nh t\u1eebng c\u1eb7p Cooper, gi\u00fap ch\u00fang di chuy\u1ec3n qua m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<h2>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc trong si\u00eau d\u1eabn<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 do Gibbs (G):<\/strong> Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng sang tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i si\u00eau d\u1eabn, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 do Gibbs c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u1ea3m. <\/li>\n<li><strong>Hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Meissner:<\/strong> Khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh si\u00eau d\u1eabn, v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea9y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ra ngo\u00e0i, m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng Meissner.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nhi\u1ec7t dung (C):<\/strong> G\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, nhi\u1ec7t dung c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn t\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh do c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i pha.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn<\/h2>\n<p>Hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn, bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>D\u00e2y d\u1eabn si\u00eau d\u1eabn:<\/strong> \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec7n cao \u00e1p do kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Nam ch\u00e2m si\u00eau d\u1eabn:<\/strong> \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c m\u00e1y ch\u1ee5p c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb (MRI), gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ti\u00eau hao nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed si\u00eau d\u1eabn:<\/strong> Nhi\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb nh\u01b0 SQUID (Superconducting Quantum Interference Device) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e9p \u0111o ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta khai th\u00e1c t\u1ed1i \u0111a ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang m\u00e0 c\u00f2n m\u1edf ra nhi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn: Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng trong c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[132],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn: Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng trong c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec7t.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/nhiet-dong-luc-hoc-cua-vat-lieu-sieu-dan\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u si\u00eau d\u1eabn: Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng trong c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec7t.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/nhiet-dong-luc-hoc-cua-vat-lieu-sieu-dan\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Thermal Engineering\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-10-12T14:53:22+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/nhiet_dong_luc_hoc_cua_vat_lieu_sieu_dan.png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\">\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Nick Connor\">\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. reading time\">\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"3 minutes\">\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/\",\"name\":\"Thermal Engineering\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/?s={search_term_string}\",\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"vi-VN\"},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/nhiet-dong-luc-hoc-cua-vat-lieu-sieu-dan\/#primaryimage\",\"inLanguage\":\"vi-VN\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/nhiet_dong_luc_hoc_cua_vat_lieu_sieu_dan.png\",\"width\":1000,\"height\":1000,\"caption\":\"Nhi\\u1ec7t \\u0111\\u1ed9ng l\\u1ef1c h\\u1ecdc c\\u1ee7a v\\u1eadt li\\u1ec7u si\\u00eau d\\u1eabn\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/nhiet-dong-luc-hoc-cua-vat-lieu-sieu-dan\/#webpage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/nhiet-dong-luc-hoc-cua-vat-lieu-sieu-dan\/\",\"name\":\"Nhi\\u1ec7t \\u0111\\u1ed9ng l\\u1ef1c h\\u1ecdc c\\u1ee7a v\\u1eadt li\\u1ec7u si\\u00eau d\\u1eabn\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/nhiet-dong-luc-hoc-cua-vat-lieu-sieu-dan\/#primaryimage\"},\"datePublished\":\"2024-10-12T14:53:22+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-10-12T14:53:22+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/e8c544db9afedaec8574d6464f9398bb\"},\"description\":\"Nhi\\u1ec7t \\u0111\\u1ed9ng l\\u1ef1c h\\u1ecdc c\\u1ee7a v\\u1eadt li\\u1ec7u si\\u00eau d\\u1eabn: Gi\\u1ea3i th\\u00edch nguy\\u00ean l\\u00fd ho\\u1ea1t \\u0111\\u1ed9ng, \\u1ee9ng d\\u1ee5ng th\\u1ef1c t\\u1ebf v\\u00e0 ti\\u1ec1m n\\u0103ng trong c\\u1ea3i ti\\u1ebfn c\\u00f4ng ngh\\u1ec7 nhi\\u1ec7t.\",\"inLanguage\":\"vi-VN\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/nhiet-dong-luc-hoc-cua-vat-lieu-sieu-dan\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/#\/schema\/person\/e8c544db9afedaec8574d6464f9398bb\",\"name\":\"Nick Connor\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/fr\/#personlogo\",\"inLanguage\":\"vi-VN\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/84c0dec310b44b65da29dc9df6925239?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"Nick Connor\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/698619"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=698619"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/698619\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=698619"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=698619"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=698619"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}