{"id":698701,"date":"2024-11-16T18:41:51","date_gmt":"2024-11-16T17:41:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/?p=698701"},"modified":"2024-11-16T18:41:51","modified_gmt":"2024-11-16T17:41:51","slug":"nhiet-dong-luc-hoc-cua-can-bang-pha","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/nhiet-dong-luc-hoc-cua-can-bang-pha\/","title":{"rendered":"Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng pha"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"sidekick\">Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng pha: t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng qua c\u00e1c pha kh\u00e1c nhau trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/nhiet_dong_luc_hoc_cua_can_bang_pha.png\" alt=\"Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng pha\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed9ng L\u1ef1c H\u1ecdc C\u1ee7a C\u00e2n B\u1eb1ng Pha<\/h2>\n<p>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Trong ph\u1ea1m vi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc, c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng pha l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c pha kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb pha n\u00e0y sang pha kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e2n B\u1eb1ng Pha<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng pha x\u1ea3y ra khi hai ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u pha c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i m\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c pha b\u1eb1ng nhau. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, khi c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ecfng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tan b\u0103ng hay \u0111\u00f3ng b\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng pha.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0110i\u1ec1u Ki\u1ec7n C\u00e2n B\u1eb1ng Pha<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00f3 ba \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng pha:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 (T) ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c pha.<\/li>\n<li>\u00c1p su\u1ea5t (P) ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c pha.<\/li>\n<li>Gibbs n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 do (G) ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t c\u1ef1c ti\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c cho Gibbs n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 do c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<p>\\( G = H &#8211; TS \\)<\/p>\n<p>Trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>G l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 do Gibbs<\/li>\n<li>H l\u00e0 enthalpy (nhi\u1ec7t n\u1ed9i dung)<\/li>\n<li>T l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i (t\u00ednh b\u1eb1ng Kelvin)<\/li>\n<li>S l\u00e0 entropy (thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ed9i dung nhi\u1ec7t)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Di\u1ec5n Gi\u1ea3i Tr\u1ea1ng Th\u00e1i C\u00e2n B\u1eb1ng Pha<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng pha, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 pha, cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t cho m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 pha c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc cho bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m ba pha (triple point), n\u01a1i m\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e1 v\u00e0 h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n<h2>\u1ee8ng D\u1ee5ng C\u1ee7a Nhi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed9ng L\u1ef1c H\u1ecdc C\u00e2n B\u1eb1ng Pha<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng pha c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m:<\/strong> Ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4ng.<\/li>\n<li><strong>H\u00f3a h\u1ecdc:<\/strong> S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh ch\u1ebf ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u:<\/strong> C\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng pha, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. H\u00e3y ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng pha: t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nguy\u00ean l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng qua c\u00e1c pha kh\u00e1c nhau trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[132],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng pha<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng 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