{"id":700255,"date":"2024-10-09T19:18:02","date_gmt":"2024-10-09T18:18:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/?p=700255"},"modified":"2024-10-09T19:18:02","modified_gmt":"2024-10-09T18:18:02","slug":"qua-trinh-truyen-nhiet-trong-lo-phan-ung-hat-nhan","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/qua-trinh-truyen-nhiet-trong-lo-phan-ung-hat-nhan\/","title":{"rendered":"Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t trong l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"sidekick\">Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t trong l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n: c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/qua_trinh_truyen_nhiet_trong_lo_phan_ung_hat_nhan.png\" alt=\"Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t trong l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>Qu\u00e1 Tr\u00ecnh Truy\u1ec1n Nhi\u1ec7t Trong L\u00f2 Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee8ng H\u1ea1t Nh\u00e2n<\/h2>\n<p>L\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i di\u1ec5n ra qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t x\u1ea3y ra trong l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<h2>C\u00e1c H\u00ecnh Th\u1ee9c Truy\u1ec1n Nhi\u1ec7t<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00f3 ba h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh: d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u v\u00e0 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1. Trong l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, c\u1ea3 ba h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>D\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t<\/b>: S\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t qua c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u r\u1eafn. Trong l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n n\u00f3ng qua v\u1ecf nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u (cladding) v\u00e0 thanh nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m m\u00e1t.<\/li>\n<li><b>\u0110\u1ed1i l\u01b0u<\/b>: S\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t qua ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng (ho\u1eb7c kh\u00ed) chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m m\u00e1t. Ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m m\u00e1t (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c kh\u00ed Heli) lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n qua l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb thanh nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n t\u1edbi n\u01a1i c\u1ea7n t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t.<\/li>\n<li><b>B\u1ee9c x\u1ea1<\/b>: S\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t qua kh\u00f4ng gian d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng tia h\u1ed3ng ngo\u1ea1i. Trong l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n ra ngo\u00e0i qua b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 t\u1eeb b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00f3ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>Qu\u00e1 Tr\u00ecnh Truy\u1ec1n Nhi\u1ec7t Trong L\u00f2 Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee8ng H\u1ea1t Nh\u00e2n<\/h2>\n<p>Trong l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n (th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 uranium ho\u1eb7c plutonium) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c thanh nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7t trong l\u00f5i l\u00f2. Khi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch x\u1ea3y ra, nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n sinh ra t\u1eeb n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><b>Nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n n\u00f3ng l\u00ean<\/b>: Nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n b\u00ean trong l\u00f5i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u00f3ng l\u00ean do qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch, th\u1ea3i ra m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn nhi\u1ec7t.<\/li>\n<li><b>D\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t qua v\u1ecf nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u<\/b>: Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n qua v\u1ecf nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u kim lo\u1ea1i. V\u1ecf n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 ra ngo\u00e0i.<\/li>\n<li><b>Ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m m\u00e1t h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec7t<\/b>: Ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m m\u00e1t, lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n xung quanh c\u00e1c thanh nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 nhi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb v\u1ecf nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u.<\/li>\n<li><b>Truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t ra ngo\u00e0i<\/b>: Nhi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m m\u00e1t sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 trao \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c tuabin, n\u01a1i nhi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u01a1 ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec7n. Nhi\u1ec7t d\u01b0 th\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea3n nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c th\u00e1p l\u00e0m m\u00e1t.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>C\u00f4ng Th\u1ee9c Li\u00ean Quan \u0110\u1ebfn Truy\u1ec1n Nhi\u1ec7t<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t trong l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t:<br \/>\n    \\( q = -k \\frac{dT}{dx} \\)<br \/>\n    Trong \u0111\u00f3, \\( q \\) l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t truy\u1ec1n per unit area, \\( k \\) l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 \\( \\frac{dT}{dx} \\) l\u00e0 gradient nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9.<\/li>\n<li>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u:<br \/>\n    \\( q = h A (T_s &#8211; T_\\infty) \\)<br \/>\n    Trong \u0111\u00f3, \\( q \\) l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t truy\u1ec1n, \\( h \\) l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u, \\( A \\) l\u00e0 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, \\( T_s \\) l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, v\u00e0 \\( T_\\infty \\) l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t trong l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1ed1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y gi\u00fap t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t trong l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n: c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[132],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t trong l\u00f2 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