{"id":703888,"date":"2024-08-11T20:30:07","date_gmt":"2024-08-11T19:30:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/?p=703888"},"modified":"2024-08-11T20:30:07","modified_gmt":"2024-08-11T19:30:07","slug":"quy-trinh-nhiet-chuyen-doi-chat-thai-thanh-nang-luong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/quy-trinh-nhiet-chuyen-doi-chat-thai-thanh-nang-luong\/","title":{"rendered":"Quy tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"sidekick\">Quy tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1ch ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec7t ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/quy_trinh_nhiet_chuyen_doi_chat_thai_thanh_nang_luong.png\" alt=\"Quy tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>Quy tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h2>\n<p>Quy tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea1ch. H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<h2>1. Thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch ra c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 h\u1eefu c\u01a1, kim lo\u1ea1i, nh\u1ef1a, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea5y. Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n<h2>2. Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i<\/h2>\n<p>Ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu gom sau \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd s\u01a1 b\u1ed9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nghi\u1ec1n nh\u1ecf, s\u1ea5y kh\u00f4 ho\u1eb7c n\u00e9n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i h\u1eefu c\u01a1, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea5y kh\u00f4 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m, l\u00e0m n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y.<\/p>\n<h2>3. Pyrolysis (Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t ph\u00e2n)<\/h2>\n<p>Pyrolysis l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1t n\u00f3ng ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thi\u1ebfu oxy. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nh\u01b0 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1t, d\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 than sinh h\u1ecdc (biochar).<\/p>\n<p><u1><\/p>\n<li>Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nhi\u1ec7t ph\u00e2n:<\/li>\n<p><\/u1><\/p>\n<pre>\nC_xH_yO_z \u2192 nC + mH_2O + pCO + qCH_4 + rCO_2\n<\/pre>\n<h2>4. Gasification (Kh\u00ed h\u00f3a)<\/h2>\n<p>Gasification l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i r\u1eafn th\u00e0nh kh\u00ed t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p (syngas) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00f4xy h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. Kh\u00ed t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 hydro (H<sub>2<\/sub>), carbon monoxide (CO), v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00ed kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<p><u1><\/p>\n<li>Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u00ed h\u00f3a:<\/li>\n<p><\/u1><\/p>\n<pre>\nC + O_2 \u2192 CO_2\nC + CO_2 \u2192 2CO\nC + H_2O \u2192 CO + H_2\n<\/pre>\n<h2>5. \u0110\u1ed1t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp (Combustion)<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng. Ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y trong c\u00e1c l\u00f2 \u0111\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra nhi\u1ec7t, sau \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<p><u1><\/p>\n<li>Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y:<\/li>\n<p><\/u1><\/p>\n<pre>\nC + O_2 \u2192 CO_2 + Heat\nH_2 + O_2 \u2192 H_2O + Heat\n<\/pre>\n<h2>6. Thu h\u1ed3i n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h2>\n<p>N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c quy tr\u00ecnh tr\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu h\u1ed3i v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau:<\/p>\n<p><o1><\/p>\n<li>\u0110i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng: T\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i, n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1o ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c tua-bin h\u01a1i n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/li>\n<li>Nhi\u1ec7t n\u0103ng: Nhi\u1ec7t thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p nhi\u1ec7t cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u01b0\u1edfi \u1ea5m ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.<\/li>\n<li>Kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e1t (CHP): K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa ph\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n<p><\/o1><\/p>\n<h2>K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>Quy tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Quy tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1ch ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec7t ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[132],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Quy tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Quy tr\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec7t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng: Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1ch ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 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