{"id":708189,"date":"2024-08-16T00:06:42","date_gmt":"2024-08-15T23:06:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/?p=708189"},"modified":"2024-08-16T00:06:42","modified_gmt":"2024-08-15T23:06:42","slug":"nguyen-tac-ve-do-nhot-trong-chat-long","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/nguyen-tac-ve-do-nhot-trong-chat-long\/","title":{"rendered":"Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt trong Ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"sidekick\">Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt trong Ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng: T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt, c\u00e1ch \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/nguyen_tac_ve_do_nhot_trong_chat_long.png\" alt=\"Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt trong Ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt trong Ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng<\/h2>\n<p>Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nhi\u1ec7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m quan tr\u1ecdng. \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1c c\u1eaft hay l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o. Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u01b0\u1edfi \u1ea5m, l\u00e0m m\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><b>\u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt:<\/b> \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt, k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 \u03b7 (eta), bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng tr\u1edf c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt cao t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1ng l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0 m\u1eadt ong, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u.<\/li>\n<li><b>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Newton:<\/b> \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng Newton, l\u1ef1c c\u1eaft F gi\u1eefa hai l\u1edbp ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh:<br \/>\n    <br \/> \\( F = \\eta \\frac{dv}{dy} \\)<br \/>\n    <br \/> Trong \u0111\u00f3, \\( \\frac{dv}{dy} \\) l\u00e0 gradient t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 (s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 theo kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch), v\u00e0 \u03b7 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng.\n  <\/li>\n<li><b>\u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt \u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt Ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/b> \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c (dynamic viscosity) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u b\u1edfi \u03b7, trong khi \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng (kinematic viscosity) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd hi\u1ec7u b\u1edfi \u03bd (nu). \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng:<br \/>\n    <br \/> \\( \\nu = \\frac{\\eta}{\\rho} \\)<br \/>\n    <br \/> Trong \u0111\u00f3, \u03c1 (rho) l\u00e0 m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng.\n  <\/li>\n<li><b>S\u1ef1 \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9:<\/b> \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1ea3m khi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y qua v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u00f4i, khi \u0111\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1edf n\u00ean lo\u00e3ng h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/li>\n<li><b>\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng trong K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt:<\/b> \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn, b\u01a1m, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1. Trong b\u01a1m v\u00e0 \u1ed1ng d\u1eabn, \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng. Trong \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, d\u1ea7u nh\u1edbt c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m ma s\u00e1t v\u00e0 m\u00e0i m\u00f2n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>N\u1eafm v\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb trong ng\u00e0nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t. Hy v\u1ecdng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y gi\u00fap b\u1ea1n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt trong ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt trong Ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng: T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt, c\u00e1ch \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[132],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt trong Ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng<\/title>\n<meta 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