{"id":708284,"date":"2024-11-12T05:03:56","date_gmt":"2024-11-12T04:03:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/?p=708284"},"modified":"2024-11-12T05:03:56","modified_gmt":"2024-11-12T04:03:56","slug":"nhung-kien-thuc-co-ban-ve-dong-chay-trong-ong-nuoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/nhung-kien-thuc-co-ban-ve-dong-chay-trong-ong-nuoc\/","title":{"rendered":"Nh\u1eefng Ki\u1ebfn Th\u1ee9c C\u01a1 B\u1ea3n V\u1ec1 D\u00f2ng Ch\u1ea3y Trong \u1ed0ng N\u01b0\u1edbc"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"sidekick\">Nh\u1eefng Ki\u1ebfn Th\u1ee9c C\u01a1 B\u1ea3n V\u1ec1 D\u00f2ng Ch\u1ea3y Trong \u1ed0ng N\u01b0\u1edbc: T\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/nhung_kien_thuc_co_ban_ve_dong_chay_trong_ong_nuoc.png\" alt=\"Nh\u1eefng Ki\u1ebfn Th\u1ee9c C\u01a1 B\u1ea3n V\u1ec1 D\u00f2ng Ch\u1ea3y Trong \u1ed0ng N\u01b0\u1edbc\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>Nh\u1eefng Ki\u1ebfn Th\u1ee9c C\u01a1 B\u1ea3n V\u1ec1 D\u00f2ng Ch\u1ea3y Trong \u1ed0ng N\u01b0\u1edbc<\/h2>\n<p>Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t, hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc trong \u1ed1ng l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0u gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m m\u00e1t, s\u01b0\u1edfi \u1ea5m v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0110\u1ecbnh Lu\u1eadt Bernoulli<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Bernoulli l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y trong \u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u00e1p su\u1ea5t, v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 cao c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0u. \u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c:<\/p>\n<p>P + \\(\\frac{1}{2}\\rho v^2\\) + \\(\\rho gh\\) = h\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>P: \u00c1p su\u1ea5t<\/li>\n<li>\\(\\rho\\): Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng<\/li>\n<li>v: V\u1eadn t\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y<\/li>\n<li>g: Gia t\u1ed1c tr\u1ecdng tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/li>\n<li>h: \u0110\u1ed9 cao<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Khi trong m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n \u1ed1ng, n\u1ebfu v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y t\u0103ng l\u00ean, \u00e1p su\u1ea5t c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n<h2>D\u00f2ng Ch\u1ea3y \u0110\u1eb3ng H\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 D\u00f2ng Ch\u1ea3y N\u00f3ng<\/h2>\n<p>D\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y trong \u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh hai lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh: d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1eb3ng h\u01b0\u1edbng (laminar) v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y n\u00f3ng (turbulent). C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>D\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1eb3ng h\u01b0\u1edbng:<\/strong> C\u00e1c l\u1edbp ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng ch\u1ea3y song song v\u1edbi nhau, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1edbp. D\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra khi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 b\u1edfi s\u1ed1 Reynolds (Re) nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n 2000.<\/li>\n<li><strong>D\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y n\u00f3ng:<\/strong> Ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng di chuy\u1ec3n h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n xo\u00e1y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o chi\u1ec1u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra khi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c cao, v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 Reynolds l\u1edbn h\u01a1n 4000. D\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u01a1n.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng Tr\u00ecnh D\u00f2ng Ch\u1ea3y Hagen-Poiseuille<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1eb3ng h\u01b0\u1edbng trong \u1ed1ng tr\u00f2n, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Hagen-Poiseuille gi\u00fap x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y (Q):<\/p>\n<p>Q = \\(\\frac{\\pi r^4 \\Delta P}{8 \\eta L}\\)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Q: L\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y<\/li>\n<li>r: B\u00e1n k\u00ednh \u1ed1ng<\/li>\n<li>\\(\\Delta P\\): S\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch \u00e1p su\u1ea5t<\/li>\n<li>\\(\\eta\\): \u0110\u1ed9 nh\u1edbt c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng<\/li>\n<li>L: Chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u1ed1ng<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang cho d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1eb3ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea3y qua m\u1ed9t \u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n<h2>S\u1ef1 T\u1ee5t \u00c1p Trong \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ed0ng<\/h2>\n<p>S\u1ef1 t\u1ee5t \u00e1p l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00e1p su\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3m d\u1ea7n d\u1ecdc theo chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u1ed1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi l\u1ef1c ma s\u00e1t gi\u1eefa ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh \u1ed1ng. C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c Darcy-Weisbach c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n s\u1ef1 t\u1ee5t \u00e1p:<\/p>\n<p>\\(\\Delta P = f \\frac{L}{D} \\frac{\\rho v^2}{2}\\)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\\(\\Delta P\\): S\u1ef1 t\u1ee5t \u00e1p<\/li>\n<li>f: H\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 ma s\u00e1t Darcy<\/li>\n<li>L: Chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i \u1ed1ng<\/li>\n<li>D: \u0110\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh \u1ed1ng<\/li>\n<li>\\(\\rho\\): Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng<\/li>\n<li>v: V\u1eadn t\u1ed1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>K\u1ebft Lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>Hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y trong \u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. T\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Bernoulli \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n s\u1ef1 t\u1ee5t \u00e1p theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Darcy-Weisbach, nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng quan tr\u1ecdng cho c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 nhi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nh\u1eefng Ki\u1ebfn Th\u1ee9c C\u01a1 B\u1ea3n V\u1ec1 D\u00f2ng Ch\u1ea3y Trong \u1ed0ng N\u01b0\u1edbc: T\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[132],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - 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