{"id":709724,"date":"2024-11-05T18:57:58","date_gmt":"2024-11-05T17:57:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/?p=709724"},"modified":"2024-11-05T18:57:58","modified_gmt":"2024-11-05T17:57:58","slug":"nguyen-ly-chuyen-nhiet-o-nhiet-do-sieu-thap","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/nguyen-ly-chuyen-nhiet-o-nhiet-do-sieu-thap\/","title":{"rendered":"Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Chuy\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec7t \u1ede Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 Si\u00eau Th\u1ea5p"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"sidekick\">Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Chuy\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec7t \u1ede Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 Si\u00eau Th\u1ea5p: Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/nguyen_ly_chuyen_nhiet_o_nhiet_do_sieu_thap.png\" alt=\"Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Chuy\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec7t \u1ede Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 Si\u00eau Th\u1ea5p\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Chuy\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec7t \u1ede Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 Si\u00eau Th\u1ea5p<\/h2>\n<p>Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nhi\u1ec7t, vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u chuy\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau th\u1ea5p l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau th\u1ea5p th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi -150\u00b0C, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec7t trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0110i\u1ec7n l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 M\u00e1y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau th\u1ea5p, ta th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y l\u00e0m l\u1ea1nh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00ed helium. C\u00e1c m\u00e1y n\u00e0y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean l\u00fd <em>chu tr\u00ecnh Carnot<\/em>, n\u01a1i m\u00f4i ch\u1ea5t l\u1ea1nh b\u1ecb n\u00e9n v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e3n n\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea5p. M\u1ed9t chu tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/p>\n<p><u1><\/p>\n<li>N\u00e9n \u0111\u1eb3ng nhi\u1ec7t: M\u00f4i ch\u1ea5t l\u1ea1nh b\u1ecb n\u00e9n t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 cao.<\/li>\n<li>Gi\u00e3n n\u1edf \u0111\u1eb3ng nhi\u1ec7t: M\u00f4i ch\u1ea5t l\u1ea1nh gi\u00e3n n\u1edf, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3m.<\/li>\n<li>N\u00e9n \u0111\u1eb3ng \u00e1p: M\u00f4i ch\u1ea5t l\u1ea1nh quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ban \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/li>\n<li>Gi\u00e3n n\u1edf \u0111\u1eb3ng \u00e1p: M\u00f4i ch\u1ea5t l\u1ea1nh t\u0103ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u00e1p su\u1ea5t ban \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/li>\n<p><\/u1><\/p>\n<p>M\u1ed9t chu tr\u00ecnh k\u00edn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau th\u1ea5p trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n<h2>Truy\u1ec1n Nhi\u1ec7t \u1ede Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 Si\u00eau Th\u1ea5p<\/h2>\n<p>Truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau th\u1ea5p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ra d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c: d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ed1i l\u01b0u, v\u00e0 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1. D\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t phonon, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c dao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc trong m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<h2>\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Fourier V\u1ec1 D\u1eabn Nhi\u1ec7t<\/h2>\n<p>\u0110\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt Fourier l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng:<\/p>\n<p> <u> q = -k * dT\/dx <\/u> <\/p>\n<p>Trong \u0111\u00f3: <\/p>\n<p><u1><\/p>\n<li><em>q<\/em>: m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00f2ng nhi\u1ec7t<\/li>\n<li><em>k<\/em>: h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t<\/li>\n<li><em>dT\/dx<\/em>: gradient nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9<\/li>\n<p><\/u1><\/p>\n<p>\u1ede nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau th\u1ea5p, h\u1ec7 s\u1ed1 d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t <em>k<\/em> c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 do hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng <em>si\u00eau d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t<\/em> trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n<h2>Si\u00eau D\u1eabn Nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u1ee8ng D\u1ee5ng<\/h2>\n<p>Si\u00eau d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec7t. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 <em>nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a si\u00eau d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa, bao g\u1ed3m l\u00e0m m\u00e1t cho c\u00e1c thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed si\u00eau d\u1eabn, m\u00e1y ch\u1ee5p c\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb (MRI) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao.<\/p>\n<h2>K\u1ebft Lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>Vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng chuy\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec7t \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau th\u1ea5p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7y ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c. T\u1eeb c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 chu tr\u00ecnh Carnot \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 si\u00eau d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn. Hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng h\u01a1n cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Chuy\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec7t \u1ede Nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 Si\u00eau Th\u1ea5p: Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[132],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd Chuy\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec7t 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