{"id":710028,"date":"2024-10-05T05:15:19","date_gmt":"2024-10-05T04:15:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/?p=710028"},"modified":"2024-10-05T05:15:19","modified_gmt":"2024-10-05T04:15:19","slug":"lam-the-nao-phan-hach-hat-nhan-tao-ra-nang-luong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/vi\/lam-the-nao-phan-hach-hat-nhan-tao-ra-nang-luong\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o ra n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"sidekick\">Ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o ra n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1ch nguy\u00ean t\u1eed th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00f9ng cho \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/lam_the_nao_phan_hach_hat_nhan_tao_ra_nang_luong.png\" alt=\"L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o ra n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o ra n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h2>\n<p>Ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed n\u1eb7ng b\u1ecb chia t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh hai ho\u1eb7c nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 trong v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n<h2>Qu\u00e1 Tr\u00ecnh Ph\u00e2n H\u1ea1ch H\u1ea1t Nh\u00e2n<\/h2>\n<p>Ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u1eb7ng nh\u01b0 uranium-235 (U-235) v\u00e0 plutonium-239 (Pu-239). Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khi m\u1ed9t neutron va ch\u1ea1m v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y, l\u00e0m cho h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 v\u1ee1 ra.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Nguy\u00ean t\u1eed ban \u0111\u1ea7u (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: U-235) h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t neutron.<\/li>\n<li>H\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 chia t\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eed nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n (s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch).<\/li>\n<li>M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i neutron t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>C\u00f4ng Th\u1ee9c Ph\u00e2n H\u1ea1ch<\/h2>\n<p>C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a cho m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n<p>^{235}U + n -> ^{141}Ba + ^{92}Kr + 3n + n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/p>\n<p>Trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><sup>235<\/sup>U l\u00e0 uranium-235<\/li>\n<li>n l\u00e0 neutron<\/li>\n<li><sup>141<\/sup>Ba l\u00e0 barium-141<\/li>\n<li><sup>92<\/sup>Kr l\u00e0 krypton-92<\/li>\n<li>3n l\u00e0 ba neutron t\u1ef1 do<\/li>\n<li>N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ecfa ra t\u1eeb ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>C\u01a1 Ch\u1ebf Gi\u1ea3i Ph\u00f3ng N\u0103ng L\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/h2>\n<p>N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng t\u1eeb ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c m\u1ea5t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. Theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a Einstein:<\/p>\n<p>E = mc<sup>2<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Trong \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>E l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/li>\n<li>m l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i<\/li>\n<li>c l\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng trong ch\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 do c<sup>2<\/sup> r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n<h2>\u1ee8ng D\u1ee5ng Th\u1ef1c T\u1ebf<\/h2>\n<p>N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eeb ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong hai l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n: N\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7t, sau \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p cho l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/li>\n<li>V\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n: S\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u1eeb ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch g\u00e2y ra v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u0110\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch trong nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c thanh \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 neutron v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, trong v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng di\u1ec5n ra c\u00e0ng nhanh c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n<h2>K\u1ebft Lu\u1eadn<\/h2>\n<p>Ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn do ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i. Hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta khai th\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o ra n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1ch nguy\u00ean t\u1eed th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c m\u1ea3nh nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u00f9ng cho \u0111i\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[132],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v15.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ch h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o ra n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/title>\n<meta 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