{"id":740623,"date":"2024-09-10T10:18:16","date_gmt":"2024-09-10T09:18:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/?p=740623"},"modified":"2024-09-10T10:18:16","modified_gmt":"2024-09-10T09:18:16","slug":"%e6%9d%90%e6%96%99%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%a6%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e9%9d%9e%e5%b9%b3%e8%a1%a1%e7%83%ad%e5%8a%9b%e5%ad%a6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/zh-hans\/%e6%9d%90%e6%96%99%e7%a7%91%e5%ad%a6%e4%b8%ad%e7%9a%84%e9%9d%9e%e5%b9%b3%e8%a1%a1%e7%83%ad%e5%8a%9b%e5%ad%a6\/","title":{"rendered":"\u6750\u6599\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u70ed\u529b\u5b66"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"sidekick\">\u6750\u6599\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u4f18\u5316\u6750\u6599\u5728\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u63d0\u5347\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u548c\u6548\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n<p><img src=\"https:\/\/www.thermal-engineering.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/07\/\u6750\u6599\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u70ed\u529b\u5b66.png\" alt=\"\u6750\u6599\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\" style=\"display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;\"\/><\/p>\n<h2>\u6750\u6599\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u70ed\u529b\u5b66<\/h2>\n<p>\u6750\u6599\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u662f\u7814\u7a76\u6750\u6599\u5728\u8fdc\u79bb\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u65f6\u7684\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u884c\u4e3a\u53ca\u5176\u57fa\u672c\u89c4\u5f8b\u7684\u5b66\u79d1\u3002\u8fd9\u95e8\u5b66\u79d1\u5728\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u9884\u6d4b\u6750\u6599\u5728\u590d\u6742\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\u65b9\u9762\u5177\u6709\u91cd\u8981\u610f\u4e49\u3002\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76\u80fd\u91cf\u548c\u7269\u8d28\u5728\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u5982\u4f55\u4ea4\u6362\u548c\u8f6c\u6362\uff0c\u5e2e\u52a9\u6211\u4eec\u89e3\u6790\u6750\u6599\u5728\u73b0\u5b9e\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u548c\u5bff\u547d\u3002<\/p>\n<h2>\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6982\u5ff5<\/h2>\n<p>\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e0d\u540c\u4e8e\u4f20\u7edf\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u4e3b\u8981\u7814\u7a76\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u800c\u524d\u8005\u5173\u6ce8\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u8fdc\u79bb\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u65f6\u7684\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u4e00\u4e9b\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u6982\u5ff5\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u71b5\u751f\u4ea7\uff08Entropy Production\uff09\uff1a\u8868\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5728\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u4ea7\u751f\u7684\u71b5\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u7528\u6765\u8861\u91cf\u7cfb\u7edf\u8fdc\u79bb\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7684\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u4e0d\u53ef\u9006\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff08Irreversible Processes\uff09\uff1a\u6307\u90a3\u4e9b\u81ea\u7136\u754c\u4e2d\u7684\u5b9e\u9645\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u6bd4\u5982\u70ed\u4f20\u5bfc\u3001\u6269\u6563\u7b49\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e9b\u8fc7\u7a0b\u901a\u5e38\u4f34\u968f\u7740\u71b5\u7684\u4ea7\u751f\u3002<\/li>\n<li>Laws of Thermodynamics and Onsager&#8217;s Reciprocal Relations\uff1a\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7b2c\u4e00\u5b9a\u5f8b\u548c\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5b9a\u5f8b\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\uff0c\u800cOnsager&#8217;s Reciprocal Relations\u5219\u8bf4\u660e\u4e86\u5728\u63a5\u8fd1\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u7684\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u529b\u548c\u6d41\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7ebf\u6027\u5173\u7cfb\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u5e94\u7528\u4e8e\u6750\u6599\u79d1\u5b66<\/h2>\n<p>\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5728\u6750\u6599\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u5e7f\u6cdb\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u4ee5\u4e0b\u51e0\u4e2a\u65b9\u9762\uff1a<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u91d1\u5c5e\u52a0\u5de5\uff1a\u5728\u91d1\u5c5e\u52a0\u5de5\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5982\u953b\u9020\u548c\u8f67\u5236\uff0c\u6750\u6599\u5904\u4e8e\u9ad8\u6e29\u548c\u9ad8\u538b\u4e0b\u7684\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u7814\u7a76\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f18\u5316\u52a0\u5de5\u5de5\u827a\uff0c\u6539\u5584\u6750\u6599\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u70ed\u7535\u6750\u6599\uff1a\u70ed\u7535\u6750\u6599\u9700\u5728\u6e29\u5ea6\u68af\u5ea6\u4e0b\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u5229\u7528\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u5347\u5176\u80fd\u91cf\u8f6c\u6362\u6548\u7387\uff0c\u5f00\u53d1\u66f4\u9ad8\u6548\u7684\u70ed\u7535\u6a21\u5757\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u6838\u6750\u6599\uff1a\u6838\u6750\u6599\u5728\u8f90\u5c04\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u9ad8\u80fd\u7c92\u5b50\u548c\u70ed\u91cf\uff0c\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u5e2e\u52a9\u7406\u89e3\u6838\u6750\u6599\u5728\u8f90\u5c04\u635f\u4f24\u4e0b\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u8fdb\u800c\u63d0\u9ad8\u5176\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u548c\u5bff\u547d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2>\u6570\u5b66\u63cf\u8ff0<\/h2>\n<p>\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u6570\u5b66\u63cf\u8ff0\u901a\u5e38\u6d89\u53ca\u8fde\u7eed\u4ecb\u8d28\u529b\u5b66\u548c\u4f20\u70ed\u4f20\u8d28\u65b9\u7a0b\u3002\u5178\u578b\u7684\u63cf\u8ff0\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u80fd\u91cf\u5e73\u8861\u65b9\u7a0b\uff1a<br \/>\n    <i>Q &#8211; \\Delta U = W<\/i><br \/>\n    \u8fd9\u91ccQ\u8868\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5438\u6536\u7684\u70ed\u91cf\uff0c\\Delta U\u8868\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u7684\u5185\u80fd\u53d8\u5316\uff0cW\u8868\u793a\u7cfb\u7edf\u5bf9\u5916\u505a\u7684\u529f\u3002\n    <\/li>\n<li>\u71b5\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\u516c\u5f0f\uff1a<br \/>\n    <i>\\sigma = \\frac{1}{T} \\left( J_q \\cdot \\nabla \\frac{1}{T} + \\sum_i J_i \\cdot \\nabla \\frac{\\mu_i}{T} \\right)<\/i><br \/>\n    \u5176\u4e2d\\sigma\u8868\u793a\u71b5\u751f\u4ea7\u7387\uff0cJ_q\u548cJ_i\u5206\u522b\u8868\u793a\u70ed\u6d41\u548c\u7269\u8d28\u6d41\uff0cT\u8868\u793a\u6e29\u5ea6\uff0c\\mu_i\u8868\u793a\u5316\u5b66\u52bf\u3002\n    <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2>\u603b\u7ed3<\/h2>\n<p>\u6750\u6599\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u4e3a\u6211\u4eec\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u4f18\u5316\u6750\u6599\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u6001\u4e0b\u884c\u4e3a\u7684\u7406\u8bba\u57fa\u7840\u3002\u968f\u7740\u79d1\u6280\u7684\u4e0d\u65ad\u8fdb\u6b65\uff0c\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u9886\u57df\u4e0d\u65ad\u6269\u5927\uff0c\u4e3a\u65b0\u6750\u6599\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u548c\u73b0\u6709\u6750\u6599\u6027\u80fd\u7684\u63d0\u5347\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u91cd\u8981\u652f\u6301\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u6750\u6599\u79d1\u5b66\u4e2d\u7684\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u70ed\u529b\u5b66\uff0c\u6709\u52a9\u4e8e\u7406\u89e3\u548c\u4f18\u5316\u6750\u6599\u5728\u975e\u5e73\u8861\u72b6\u6001\u4e0b\u7684\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u63d0\u5347\u5de5\u7a0b\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u548c\u6548\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[134],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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